碱催化剂g-C3N4在液相反应中溶胀特性的研究

doi:10.3866/PKU.WHXB201904066

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

通过三聚氰胺、双腈胺、硫脲或尿素的高温热解制备了四种比表面不同的石墨型碳化氮材料(g-C₃N₄)，利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、热重分析(TGA)和N₂吸附方法对所得材料进行结构与表面性质的表征，用CO₂程序升温脱附(CO₂-TPD)和酸碱滴定方法测试了其碱性。考察了这些材料对于不同溶剂中苯甲醛与丙二腈Knoevenagel缩合反应的催化活性。g-C₃N₄在弱极性溶剂甲苯中的催化活性很低，且活性大小与其比表面和表面碱性密切相关，而在极性溶剂乙醇中四种g-C₃N₄的催化活性则相差不大，且都远高于甲苯中的活性。上述结果无法用常规的碱性表征数据来解释。进一步的实验证明在极性溶剂中g-C₃N₄会发生溶胀，使得表面暴露更多的碱性位，因而催化活性大大提高。不同溶剂中的反应结果表明g-C₃N₄的溶胀效应随反应溶剂的极性增加而增强。重复利用实验表明g-C₃N₄在液相反应中具有良好的稳定性，其对于苯甲醛的转化率在重复利用三次后由74.2%下降至63.8%。

关键词: g-C₃N₄, 碱催化, Knoevenagel缩合, 溶胀效应

Abstract:

Graphitic carbon nitrides (g-C₃N₄) with different surface areas were prepared by pyrolysis using different precursors including melamine, dicyandiamide, thiourea and urea, and subsequently characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and N2 adsorption. Their basicities were measured by temperature-programmed desorption of CO₂ (CO₂-TPD) and acid-base titration. The catalytic properties for the Knoevenagel condensation of benzaldehyde and malononitrile were investigated in various solvents. In non-polar toluene solution, the benzaldehyde conversions of the g-C₃N₄ catalysts were low and changed according to their respective surface areas and basicities. However, in polar ethanol solution, the benzaldehyde conversions of all catalysts were similar, and much higher than those in toluene. This could not be explained by the results obtained from either of the two conventional basicity measurements. Further experimental results proved that g-C₃N₄ catalysts swelled in polar solutions, and more basic sites were exposed on the surface of the swollen catalysts, leading to the imminent increase in catalytic activity. This was proved by the catalyst poisoning data, which showed that the g-C₃N₄ catalyst lost its activity completely in toluene by adding 40.9 mmol·g^-1 benzoic acid, while the same catalyst was still active in ethanol until the added amount exceeded 143.3 m·g^-1. Additionally, the reaction tests in various solutions showed that the swelling effect was enhanced according to the polarity of the solvent used. A similar conclusion could be reached for the Knoevenagel condensation of furfural and malononitrile in various solvents. The reusability of g-C₃N₄ catalyst in Knoevenagel condensation was also studied, which showed that g-C₃N₄ was stable in liquid-phase reactions, whose activity dropped from 74.2% to 63.8% after three regeneration processes.

Key words: g-C₃N₄, Base catalysis, Knoevenagel condensation, Swelling effect

MSC2000:

O643

点击下载补充材料PDF格式文件

吴结群, 华伟明, 乐英红, 高滋. 碱催化剂g-C₃N₄在液相反应中溶胀特性的研究[J]. 物理化学学报, 2020, 36(1): 1904066.

Jiequn Wu, Weiming Hua, Yinghong Yue, Zi Gao. Swelling Characteristics of g-C₃N₄ as Base Catalyst in Liquid-Phase Reaction[J]. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2020, 36(1): 1904066.

图/表 12

Fig 1

Fig 2

Table 1

Fig 3

Fig 4

Table 2

Fig 5

Table 3

Fig 6

Fig 7

Table 4

Fig 8

参考文献 39

1	Tanabe K. ; Holderich W. F. Appl. Catal. A 1999, 181, 399. doi: 10.1016/S0926-860X(98)00397-4
2	Davis R. J. J. Catal. 2003, 216, 396. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9517(02)00034-9
3	Blaser H. U. Catal. Today 2000, 60, 161. doi: 10.1016/S0920-5861(00)00332-1
4	Kelly G. J. ; King F. ; Kett M. Green Chem. 2002, 4, 392. doi: 10.1039/B201982P
5	Wight A. P. ; Davis M. E. Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3589. doi: 10.1021/cr010334m
6	Diaz U. ; Garcia T. ; Velty A. ; Corma A. J. Mater. Chem. 2009, 19, 5970. doi: 10.1039/B906821J
7	Climent M. J. ; Corma A. ; Iborra S. ; Velty A. J. Catal. 2004, 221, 474. doi: 10.1016/j.jcat.2003.09.012
8	Sebti S. ; Solhy A. ; Tahir R. ; Smahi A. Appl. Catal. A-Gen. 2002, 235, 273. doi: 10.1016/S0926-860X(02)00273-9
9	Liu Z. ; Cortes-Concepcion J. A. ; Mustian M. ; Amiridis M. D. Appl. Catal. A-Gen. 2006, 302, 232. doi: 10.1016/j.apcata.2006.01.007
10	Wang X. G. ; Tseng Y. H. ; Chan J. C. C. ; Cheng S. F. J. Catal. 2005, 233, 266. doi: 10.1016/j.jcat.2005.04.007
11	Goa Y. ; Wu P. ; Tatsumi T. J. Catal. 2004, 224, 107. doi: 10.1016/j.jcat.2004.01.021
12	Wang X. ; Maeda K. ; Thomas A. ; Takanabe K. ; Xin G. ; Carlsson J. M. ; Domen K. ; Antonietti M. Nat. Mater. 2009, 8, 76. doi: 10.1038/nmat2317
13	Wang Y. ; Wang X. C. ; Antonietti M. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 68. doi: 10.1002/anie.201101182
14	Praus P. ; Svoboda L. ; Ritz M. ; Troppova I. ; Sihor M. ; Koci K. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2017, 193, 438. doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2017.03.008
15	Chi S. H. ; Ji C. N. ; Sun S. W. ; Jiang H. ; Qu R. J. ; Sun C. M. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2016, 55, 12060. doi: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b02178
16	Zhang G. G. ; Zhang J. S. ; Zhang M. W. ; Wang X. C. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 8083. doi: 10.1039/C2JM00097K
17	Zhai H. S. ; Cao L. ; Xia X. H. Chin. Chem. Lett. 2013, 24, 103. doi: 10.1016/j.cclet.2013.01.030
18	Yew Y. T. ; Lim C. S. ; Eng A. Y. S. ; Oh J. ; Park S. ; Pumera M. ChemPhysChem 2016, 17, 481. doi: 10.1002/cphc.201501009
19	Datta K. K. R. ; Reddy B. V. S. ; Ariga K. ; Vinu A. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 5961. doi: 10.1002/anie.201001699
20	Wang Y. ; Yao J. ; Li H. ; Su D. ; Antonietti M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 2362. doi: 10.1021/ja109856y
21	Goettmann F. ; Fischer A. ; Antonietti M. ; Thomas A. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 4467. doi: 10.1002/anie.200600412
22	Ansari M. B. ; Min B. H. ; Mo Y. H. ; Park S. E. Green Chem. 2011, 13, 1416. doi: 10.1039/C0GC00951B
23	Zhang L. ; Wang H. ; Shen W. Z. ; Qin Z. F. ; Wang J. G. ; Fan W. B. J. Catal. 2016, 344, 293. doi: 10.1016/j.jact.2016.09.023
24	Su F. Z. ; Antoniettia M. ; Wang X. C. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2012, 2, 1005. doi: 10.1039/C2CY00012A
25	Xu J. ; Wang Y. ; Shang J. K. ; Jiang Q. ; Li Y. X. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2016, 6, 4192. doi: 10.1039/C5CY01747E
26	Yan S. C. ; Li Z. S. ; Zou Z. G. Langmuir 2009, 25, 10397. doi: 10.1021/la900923z
27	Kawaguchi M. ; Nozaki K. Chem. Mater. 1995, 7, 257. doi: 10.1021/cm00050a005
28	Thomas A. ; Fischer A. ; Goettmann F. ; Antonietti M. ; Muller J. O. ; Schlogl R. ; Carlsson J. M. J. Mater. Chem. 2008, 18, 4893. doi: 10.1039/B800274F
29	Kauffman K. L. ; Culp J. T. ; Goodman A. ; Matranga C. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2011, 115, 1857. doi: 10.1021/jp102273w
30	Komatsu T. ; Nakamura T. J. Mater. Chem. 2001, 11, 474. doi: 10.1039/B005982J
31	Wang X. C. ; Chen X. F. ; Thomas A. ; Fu X. Z. ; Antonietti M. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 1609. doi: 10.1002/adma.200802627
32	Pinero E. R. ; Amoros D. C. ; Solano A. L. ; Find J. ; Wild U. ; Schlogl R. Carbon 2002, 40, 597. doi: 10.1016/S0008-6223(01)00155-5
33	Cui Y. J. ; Zhang J. S. ; Zhang G. G. ; Huang J. H. ; Liu P. ; Antonietti M. ; Wang X. C. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 13032. doi: 10.1039/C1JM11961C
34	Yan H. J. ; Chen Y. ; Xu S. M. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2012, 37, 125. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.09.072
35	Wang Y. ; Zhuang J. Q. ; Yang G. ; Zhou D. H. ; Ma D. ; Han X. W. ; Bao X. H. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 1386. doi: 10.1021/jp034989y
36	Rodriguez I. ; Sastre G. ; Corma A. ; Iborra S. J. Catal. 1999, 183, 14. doi: 10.1006/jcat.1998.2380
37	Li G. W. ; Xiao J. ; Zhang W. Q. Green Chem. 2011, 13, 1828. doi: 10.1039/C0GC00877J
38	Burgoyne A. R. ; Meijboom R. Catal. Lett. 2013, 143, 563. doi: 10.1007/s10562-013-0995-5
39	Mo X. H. ; López D. E. ; Suwannakarn K. ; Liu Y. J. ; Lotero E. ; Goodwin J. G., Jr. ; Lu C. Q. J. Catal. 2008, 254, 332. doi: 10.1016/j.jcat.2008.01.011

Sample	w_C/%	w_N/%	w_H/%	x	y	z	C/N ratio
MA	34.4	63.6	2.0	5.7	9.1	4.0	0.63
DA	34.4	63.4	2.2	5.7	9.1	4.4	0.63
TU	34.0	62.9	2.2	5.7	9.0	4.4	0.63
UR	34.1	62.5	2.2	5.7	8.9	4.4	0.64

Sample	Textural properties		Amount of base sites
Sample	Surface areas/ (m²·g^-1)	Pore volume/ (cm³·g^-1)	CO₂-TPD/ (mmol·g^-1)	Titration/ (mmol·g^-1)
MA	7.9	0.087	0.08	0.75
DA	5.2	0.060	0.09	0.81
TU	23.7	0.175	0.21	1.31
UR	103	0.601	0.24	1.36

Catalysts	Conversion(%)
Catalysts	in ethanol ^a	in toluene
MA	95.4(61.5)	9.7
DA	94.3(64.6)	9.0
TU	92.2(66.9)	15.2
UR	96.8(74.2)	23.7

Solvent	Polarity	Boilingpoint/℃	Conversion/%
Solvent	Polarity	Boilingpoint/℃	benzaldehyde	furfural
dimethyl formamide	6.4	153	77.5^a	68.5
ethanol	4.3	79	74.2^a	62.7
toluene	2.4	111	23.7	14.7
cyclohexane	0.1	81	6.7	5.4

[1]	雷卓楠, 马心怡, 胡晓云, 樊君, 刘恩周. Ni₂P-NiS双助剂促进g-C₃N₄光催化产氢动力学[J]. 物理化学学报, 2022, 38(7): 2110049 - .
[2]	贾晓庆, 白晓宇, 吉喆喆, 李轶, 孙妍, 秘雪岳, 展思辉. 二维层状NiO/g-C₃N₄复合材料在无铁光电类芬顿体系中有效去除环丙沙星的研究[J]. 物理化学学报, 2021, 37(8): 2010042 - .
[3]	王薇, 黄宇, 王震宇. 缺陷工程调控石墨相氮化碳及其光催化空气净化应用进展[J]. 物理化学学报, 2021, 37(8): 2011073 - .
[4]	陈一文, 李铃铃, 徐全龙, Tina Düren, 范佳杰, 马德琨. 反蛋白石结构的g-C₃N₄可控合成及其优异的光催化产氢性能[J]. 物理化学学报, 2021, 37(6): 2009080 - .
[5]	费新刚, 谭海燕, 程蓓, 朱必成, 张留洋. 理论计算研究二维/二维BP/g-C₃N₄异质结的光催化CO₂还原性能[J]. 物理化学学报, 2021, 37(6): 2010027 - .
[6]	靳治良, 李彦兵, 郝旭强. Ni, Co基硒化物修饰g-C₃N₄光催化产氢研究[J]. 物理化学学报, 2021, 37(10): 1912033 - .
[7]	覃方红, 万婷, 邱江源, 王一惠, 肖碧源, 黄在银. 基于光微热量-荧光光谱联用技术研究光催化热力学和动力学的温度效应[J]. 物理化学学报, 2020, 36(6): 1905087 - .
[8]	李小为,王彬,尹文轩,狄俊,夏杰祥,朱文帅,李华明. Cu²⁺改性g-C₃N₄光催化剂的光催化性能[J]. 物理化学学报, 2020, 36(3): 1902001 - .
[9]	王亦清,沈少华. 非金属掺杂石墨相氮化碳光催化的研究进展与展望[J]. 物理化学学报, 2020, 36(3): 1905080 - .
[10]	陈博才,沈洋,魏建红,熊锐,石兢. 基于g-C₃N₄的Z型光催化体系研究进展[J]. 物理化学学报, 2016, 32(6): 1371 -1382 .
[11]	王彦娟,孙佳瑶,封瑞江,张健. 三元金属硫化物-石墨相氮化碳异质结催化剂的制备及光催化性能[J]. 物理化学学报, 2016, 32(3): 728 -736 .
[12]	祝林,马新国,刘娜,徐国旺,黄楚云. 碱金属修饰g-C₃N₄的能带结构调控与载流子迁移过程[J]. 物理化学学报, 2016, 32(10): 2488 -2494 .
[13]	郝旭强,杨浩,靳治良,续京,敏世雄,吕功煊. 类石墨烯C₃N₄纳米片光催化分解水制氢中的量子限域效应[J]. 物理化学学报, 2016, 32(10): 2581 -2592 .
[14]	李宪华, 张雷刚, 王雪雪, 于清波. 界面聚合法制备PANI/g-C₃N₄复合催化剂及其热稳定性和可见光催化性能[J]. 物理化学学报, 2015, 31(4): 764 -770 .
[15]	刘建新, 王韵芳, 王雅文, 樊彩梅. Ag/Ag₃PO₄/g-C₃N₄复合光催化剂的合成与再生及其可见光下的光催化性能[J]. 物理化学学报, 2014, 30(4): 729 -737 .

碱催化剂g-C₃N₄在液相反应中溶胀特性的研究

Swelling Characteristics of g-C₃N₄ as Base Catalyst in Liquid-Phase Reaction

RichHTML

PDF

赞

可视化

摘要/Abstract

支持信息

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 12

参考文献 39

相关文章 15

Metrics

推荐阅读 0