纳米粒子与细胞相互作用的力学–化学偶联研究进展

doi:10.3866/PKU.WHXB201905076

Abstract

Abstract:

The biosafety of nanoparticles is gaining extensive attention due to their dichotomous effects in fields of biomedicine and atmospheric chemistry. A number of studies have been carried out focusing on the cytotoxicity of nanoparticles and their interactions with cells. However, the mechanism of nanoparticle–cell interactions remains unclear. Here, we review the latest progress in the study of nanoparticle-cell interactions from a cellular chemo-mechanical perspective. Cell mechanics play an important role in cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, polarization, adhesion, and migration. An understanding of the effects of nanoparticles on cell mechanics is therefore needed in order to enhance comprehension of nanoparticle–cell interactions. Firstly, the main molecules and signal pathways related to mechanical chemistry are introduced from three perspectives: cell surface adhesion receptors, the cytoskeleton, and the nucleus. Specifically, integrins and cadherins play a critical role in sensing both the external mechanical force and the force of cell transmission. Actin and microtubules, which are two components of the cytoskeletal network, act as a bridge in mechanical conduction. The nucleus can also be mechanically stressed by the surrounding cytoskeleton through the contraction of the matrix. The nuclear envelope also plays important roles in sensing mechanical signals and in adjusting the morphology and function of the nucleus. We summarize the major nanoparticle-based tools used in the laboratory for the study of cell mechanics, which includes traction force microscopy, atomic force microscopy, optical tweezers, magnetic manipulation, micropillars, and force-induced remnant magnetization spectroscopy. In addition, we discuss the effects that nanoparticles have on cell mechanics. Nanoparticles interact with the adhesion of molecules on the cell membrane surface and on cell cytoskeletal proteins, which further affects the mechanical properties involved in cell stiffness, cell adhesion, and cell migration. Overall, the general conclusions regarding the effects of nanoparticles on cell mechanics are as follows: (1) Nanoparticles can affect cell adhesion by disrupting tight and adherent junctions, and by regulating cell-extracellular matrix adhesion; (2) Nanoparticles can interact with cytoskeletal proteins (actins and tubulins) leading to structural reorganization or disruption of microtubules and F-actin; (3) Cell stiffness changes with the structural reorganization of the cytoskeleton; (4) Cell migration ability can be affected through changes in the cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, and the expression of cell migration-related proteins/molecules. To develop the nano-biosafety evaluation system, future studies should attempt to gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved with regards to nanoparticles and cell mechanics. Ultimately, further development of new methods and technologies based on nano-mechanical chemistry for diagnosis and treatment purposes are expected, given the wide application of nanomaterials in the biomedical field.

Key words: Nanoparticle, Cell, Mechanotransduction, Interaction, Mechanochemical coupling

MSC2000:

O641

Jinxiu Zhan,Feng Feng,Min Xu,Li Yao,Maofa Ge. Progress in Chemo–Mechanical Interactions between Nanoparticles and Cells[J].Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2020, 36(1): 1905076.

Figures/Tables 4

Fig 1

Fig 2

Fig 3

Table 1

Effects of nanoparticles on cell mechanics."

Particle type	Size and zeta potential	Cell types	Incubation conditions	Impacts on cell mechanics	Ref.
Iron-iron oxide	16 ± 1.5 nm	BAC	5, 10, 20, 50 μg·mL^?1;	Increase in Young’s modulus of BACs with	55
core-shell MNPs			3 days	the increase of NP concentration.
Ag NPs	20 nm	USC	0–64 μg·mL^?1;	Increase in actin polymerization and	53
			5 × 10³ cells·well^?1; 24 h	cytoskeletal tension, activation of RhoA
Nano-Si64 and	63.88 ± 10.35,	L-02	10, 20, 50 μg·mL^?1;	Change in quantity and distribution of	50
Nano-Si46	46.15 ± 5.53 nm;		1×10⁵ cells·mL^?1;	cytoskeleton through extra ROS and Ca²⁺
	negatively charged		24 h	leading to abnormal mitosis and cytokinesis
AgNPs	52.3 ± 8.7 nm (single NP);	MG-63	0.5, 5, 10, 20 μg·mL^?1;	Destruction of F-actin in quantity and	51
	201 nm (aggregates);		2 × 10⁴ cells·well^?1;	structure, decrease in expressions of ALP,
			24, 48, 72 h	OCN and COL-I in a dose-dependent manner
TiO₂-PEG NPs	100, 200, 300 nm	NCI-H292	100 μg·mL^?1;	NP-mediated promotion of the lysosomal	58
			8 × 10⁴ cells?cm^?²;	degradation of integrin beta 1, thus leading to
			3 h	reduced expression of pFAK and cytoskeletal
				reduced expression of pFAK and cytoskeletal
Fullerenol NPs	1.72 ± 0.14 nm	MCF-7,	200 μg·mL^?1;	Lowered stiffness and restrained migration,	47
		MDA-MB-231	5 × 10⁵ cells·well^?1;	decrease in the number and length of
			24 h;	filopodia, change in cancer cell adhesion and
				motility through the inhibition of integrin to
				form clusters on filopodias
GO Nanosheets	2 nm (thickness);	A549	50 μg·mL^?1;	Retardation of cell migration through	57
	397.6 ± 62.4 nm;		6 h, 24 h	nanosheet-mediated disruption of intracellular
	?34.8 ± 1.0 mV			actin filaments.
Ag NPs and	10 nm	CCD-1072Sk	0.1, 1, 10 μg·mL^?1;	Reduce in collagen and laminin production	59
Au NPs			5×10³/8-well;	and cell migration, increase in the formation
			24 h	of stress fibers and the number of cell
				protrusions, impaired cell polarity.
SPIONs	132.4 nm; ?25.37 mV	VFF	20, 40, 80 μg·cm^?2; 24 h	Decrease in VFF adhesion	49
Si NPs and	7 nm	MSC	100 μg·mL^?1’;	Structural reorganization of cortical	56
SiB NPs			3 × 10³ cells?cm^?²;	cytoskeleton with subsequent stiffness
			1 and 24 h	increase and concomitant F-actin content
TiO₂	15–50 nm (single NP);	TR146	125, 1250 μmol?L^?1;	Increase of long vinculin near the cell–cell	5
SiO₂	272 ± 4, 236 ± 25 236 ± 9		90 000 cells?cm^?²;	boundary and traction force, low level of MT
HA	nm (aggregates); negatively		12 h	acetylation, maturation of FAs, destabilization
	charged			of MT networks, promotion of cell adhesion
				and retardation in cell migration
TiO₂ NPs	18–23 nm;≈?20 mV	MCF-7, MDA-MB-231,	0–40 μg·mL^?1;	Destruction of adherence junctions which	48
SiO₂ NPs		SW620	0.5 and 24 h	induced endothelial leakiness and promoted
Au NPs				the metastasis of breast cancer cells
Magnetoliposomes	14.0，4.2–4.8，4.2	NPCs and	500, 1000 μg·mL^?1;	Reduce in cellular proliferation, expression of	52
Endorem	and 4.0 nm	hBOECs	5×10⁴ cells·well^?1;	FAK and distribution of actin cytoskeleton
Resovist			24 h	and microtubule network
very small organic
particles

Table 1

References 59

1	Grabinski C. ; Schaeublin N. ; Wijaya A. ; D'Couto H. ; Baxamusa S. H. ; Hamad-Schifferli K. ; Hussain S. M. ACS Nano 2011, 5 (4), 2870. doi: 10.1021/nn103476x
2	Pati R. ; Das I. ; Mehta R. K. ; Sahu R. ; Sonawane A. Toxicol. Sci. 2016, 150 (2), 454. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw010
3	Li J. C. ; Mao H. L. ; Kawazoe N. ; Chen G. P. Biomater. Sci. 2017, 5 (2), 173. doi: 10.1039/c6bm00714g
4	Rotsch C. ; Radmacher M. Biophys. J. 2000, 78 (1), 520. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3495(00)76614-8
5	Tay C. Y. ; Cai P. Q. ; Setyawati M. I. ; Fang W. R. ; Tan L. P. ; Hong C. H. L. ; Chen X. D. ; Leong D. T. Nano Lett. 2014, 14 (1), 83. doi: 10.1021/nl4032549
6	Li Y. ; Jing L. ; Yu Y. B. ; Yu Y. ; Duan J. C. ; Yang M. ; Geng W. J. ; Jiang L. Z. ; Li Q. L. ; Sun Z. W. Part. Part. Syst. Charact. 2015, 32 (6), 636. doi: 10.1002/ppsc.201400180
7	Nakayama K. H. ; Surya V. N. ; Gole M. ; Walker T. W. ; Yang W. G. ; Lai E. S. ; Ostrowski M. A. ; Fuller G. G. ; Dunn A. R. ; Huang N. F. Nano Lett. 2016, 16 (1), 410. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04028
8	Hynes R. O. Cell 2002, 110 (6), 673. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(02)00971-6
9	Guo W. J. ; Giancotti F. G. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2004, 5 (10), 816. doi: 10.1038/nrm1490
10	Mitra S. K. ; Hanson D. A. ; Schlaepfer D. D. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2005, 6 (1), 56. doi: 10.1038/nrm1549
11	Li Z. H. ; Lee H. J. ; Zhu C. Exp. Cell Res. 2016, 349 (1), 85. doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.10.001
12	Geiger B. ; Yamada K. M. CSH Perspect. Biol. 2011, 3 (5), 21. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a005033
13	Jiang G. Y. ; Giannone G. ; Critchley D. R. ; Fukumoto E. ; Sheetz M. P. Nature 2003, 424 (6946), 334. doi: 10.1038/nature01805
14	Kukkurainen S. ; Maatta J. A. ; Saeger J. ; Valjakka J. ; Vogel V. ; Hytonen V. P. Mol. Biosyst. 2014, 10 (12), 3217. doi: 10.1039/c4mb00341a
15	Yao M. X. ; Goult B. T. ; Chen H. ; Cong P. W. ; Sheetz M. P. ; Yan J. Sci. Rep. 2014, 4, 7. doi: 10.1038/srep04610
16	Mitra S. K. ; Schlaepfer D. D. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2006, 18 (5), 516. doi: 10.1016/j.ceb.2006.08.011
17	Beningo K. A. ; Dembo M. ; Kaverina I. ; Small J. V. ; Wang Y. L. J. Cell Biol. 2001, 153 (4), 881. doi: 10.1083/jcb.153.4.881
18	Scarpa E. ; Szabo A. ; Bibonne A. ; Theveneau E. ; Parsons M. ; Mayor R. Dev. Cell 2015, 34 (4), 421. doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.06.012
19	Yao M. X. ; Qiu W. ; Liu R. C. ; Efremov A. K. ; Cong P. W. ; Seddiki R. ; Payre M. ; Lim C. T. ; Ladoux B. ; Mege R. M. ; et al Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 11. doi: 10.1038/ncomms5525
20	Mui K. L. ; Chen C. S. ; Assoian R. K. J. Cell Sci. 2016, 129 (6), 1093. doi: 10.1242/jcs.183699
21	Auernheimer V. ; Lautscham L. A. ; Leidenberger M. ; Friedrich O. ; Kappes B. ; Fabry B. ; Goldmann W. H. J. Cell Sci. 2015, 128 (18), 3435. doi: 10.1242/jcs.172031
22	Gasparski A. N. ; Beningo K. A. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2015, 586, 20. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.07.017
23	Kiefel H. ; Bondong S. ; Hazin J. ; Ridinger J. ; Schirmer U. ; Riedle S. ; Altevogt P. Cell Adhes. Migr. 2012, 6 (4), 374. doi: 10.4161/cam.20832
24	Colombo F. ; Meldolesi J. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2015, 36 (11), 769. doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.08.004
25	Bershadsky A. ; Chausovsky A. ; Becker E. ; Lyubimova A. ; Geiger B. Curr. Biol. 1996, 6 (10), 1279. doi: 10.1016/s0960-9822(02)70714-8
26	Padmakumar V. C. ; Libotte T. ; Lu W. S. ; Zaim H. ; Abraham S. ; Noegel A. A. ; Gotzmann J. ; Foisner R. ; Karakesisoglou L. J. Cell Sci. 2005, 118 (15), 3419. doi: 10.1242/jcs.02471
27	Haque F. ; Lloyd D. J. ; Smallwood D. T. ; Dent C. L. ; Shanahan C. M. ; Fry A. M. ; Trembath R. C. ; Shackleton S. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2006, 26 (10), 3738. doi: 10.1128/mcb.26.10.3738-3751.2006
28	Luxton G. W. G. ; Gomes E. R. ; Folker E. S. ; Vintinner E. ; Gundersen G. G. Science 2010, 329 (5994), 956. doi: 10.1126/science.1189072
29	Guilluy C. ; Osborne L. D. ; Van Landeghem L. ; Sharek L. ; Superfine R. ; Garcia-Mata R. ; Burridge K. Nat. Cell Biol. 2014, 16 (4), 376. doi: 10.1038/ncb2927
30	Fanucchi S. ; Shibayama Y. ; Burd S. ; Weinberg M. S. ; Mhlanga M. M. Cell 2013, 155 (3), 606. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.09.051
31	Dekker J. ; Mirny L. Cell 2016, 164 (6), 1110. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.007
32	Uhler C. ; Shivashankar G. V. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2017, 18 (12), 717. doi: 10.1038/nrm.2017.101
33	Lv L. W. ; Tang Y. M. ; Zhang P. ; Liu Y. S. ; Bai X. S. ; Zhou Y. S. Tissue Eng. Part B-Rev. 2018, 24 (2), 112. doi: 10.1089/ten.teb.2017.0287
34	Jaalouk D. E. ; Lammerding J. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2009, 10 (1), 63. doi: 10.1038/nrm2597
35	Schwarz U. S. ; Soine J. R. D. Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Mol. Cell Res. 2015, 1853 (11), 3095. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.05.028
36	Muller D. J. ; Dufrene Y. F. Trends Cell Biol. 2011, 21 (8), 461. doi: 10.1016/j.tcb.2011.04.008
37	Ahmed W. W. ; Fodor E. ; Betz T. Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Mol. Cell Res. 2015, 1853 (11), 3083. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.05.022
38	Castillo M. ; Ebensperger R. ; Wirtz D. ; Walczak M. ; Hurtado D. E. ; Celedon A. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B 2014, 102 (8), 1779. doi: 10.1002/jbm.b.33167
39	Berret J. F. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 10134. doi: 10.1038/ncomms10134
40	Etoc F. ; Lisse D. ; Bellaiche Y. ; Piehler J. ; Coppey M. ; Dahan M. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2013, 8 (3), 193. doi: 10.1038/nnano.2013.23
41	Tan J. L. ; Tien J. ; Pirone D. M. ; Gray D. S. ; Bhadriraju K. ; Chen C. S. Pro. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2003, 100 (4), 1484. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0235407100
42	Yao L. ; Xu S. J. Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit. 2013, 52 (52), 14041. doi: 10.1002/anie.201007297
43	Yao L. ; Li Y. ; Tsai T. W. ; Xu S. J. ; Wang Y. H. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52 (52), 14041. doi: 10.1002/anie.201307419
44	Yao L. ; Xu S. J. J. Phys. Chem. B 2012, 116 (33), 9944. doi: 10.1021/jp304335a
45	Zhang D. ; Feng F. ; Li Q. L. ; Wang X. Y. ; Yao L. Biomaterials 2018, 173, 22. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.04.045
46	Yu C. ; Zhang D. ; Feng X. ; Chai Y. ; Lu P. ; Li Q. ; Feng F. ; Wang X. ; Li Y. ; et al Nanoscale 2019, 11 (16), 7648. doi: 10.1039/c8nr10338k
47	Qin Y. ; Chen K. ; Gu W. ; Dong X. ; Lei R. ; Chang Y. ; Bai X. ; Xia S. ; Zeng L. ; Zhang J. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2015, 16 (1), 54. doi: 10.1186/s12951-018-0380-z
48	Peng F. ; Setyawati M. I. ; Tee J. K. ; Ding X. G. ; Wang J. P. ; Nga M. E. ; Ho H. K. ; Leong D. T. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2019, 14 (3), 279. doi: 10.1038/s41565-018-0356-z
49	Pottler M. ; Fliedner A. ; Schreiber E. ; Janko C. ; Friedrich R. P. ; Bohr C. ; Dollinger M. ; Alexiou C. ; Durr S. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2017, 12 (1), 284. doi: 10.1186/s11671-017-2045-5
50	Li Y. ; Jing L. ; Yu Y. ; Yu Y. ; Duan J. ; Yang M. ; Geng W. ; Jiang L. ; Li Q. ; Sun Z. Part. Part. Sys. Charact. 2015, 32 (6), 636. doi: 10.1002/ppsc.201400180
51	Xie H. ; Wang P. ; Wu J. Artif. Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2019, 47 (1), 260. doi: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1552594
52	Soenen S. J. H. ; Nuytten N. ; De Meyer S. F. ; De Smedt S. C. ; De Cuyper M. Small 2010, 6 (7), 832. doi: 10.1002/smll.200902084
53	Qin H. ; Zhu C. ; An Z. ; Jiang Y. ; Zhao Y. ; Wang J. ; Liu X. ; Hui B. ; Zhang X. ; Wang Y. Int. J. Nanomed. 2014, 9, 2469. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S59753
54	Calzado-Martin A. ; Encinar M. ; Tamayo J. ; Calleja M. ; Paulo A. S. ACS Nano 2016, 10 (3), 3365. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07162
55	Mao H. ; Li J. ; Dulinska-Molak I. ; Kawazoe N. ; Takeda Y. ; Mamiya H. ; Chen G. Biomater. Sci. 2015, 3 (9), 1284. doi: 10.1039/c5bm00141b
56	Ogneva I. V. ; Buravkov S. V. ; Shubenkov A. N. ; Buravkova L. B. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2014, 9 doi: 10.1186/1556-276x-9-284
57	Tian X. ; Yang Z. ; Duan G. ; Wu A. ; Gu Z. ; Zhang L. ; Chen C. ; Chai Z. ; Ge C. ; Zhou R. Small 2017, 13 (3) doi: 10.1002/smll.201602133
58	Sun Q. ; Kanehira K. ; Taniguchi A. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 2018, 19 (1), 271. doi: 10.1080/14686996.2018.1444318
59	Vieira L. F. A. ; Lins M. P. ; Viana I. ; Dos Santos J. E. ; Smaniotto S. ; Reis M. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2017, 12 (1), 200. doi: 10.1186/s11671-017-1982-3

[1]	Mingliang Wu, Yehui Zhang, Zhanzhao Fu, Zhiyang Lyu, Qiang Li, Jinlan Wang. Structure-Activity Relationship of Atomic-Scale Cobalt-Based N-C Catalysts in the Oxygen Evolution Reaction [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2023, 39(1): 2207007-0.
[2]	Tonghui Cui, Hangyue Li, Zewei Lyu, Yige Wang, Minfang Han, Zaihong Sun, Kaihua Sun. Identification of Electrode Process in Large-Size Solid Oxide Fuel Cell [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2022, 38(8): 2011009-.
[3]	Yue Yang, Jiawei Zhu, Pengyan Wang, Haimi Liu, Weihao Zeng, Lei Chen, Zhixiang Chen, Shichun Mu. NH₂-MIL-125 (Ti) Derived Flower-Like Fine TiO₂ Nanoparticles Implanted in N-doped Porous Carbon as an Anode with High Activity and Long Cycle Life for Lithium-Ion Batteries [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2022, 38(6): 2106002-.
[4]	Yue Lu, Yang Ge, Manling Sui. Degradation Mechanism of CH₃NH₃PbI₃-based Perovskite Solar Cells under Ultraviolet Illumination [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2022, 38(5): 2007088-.
[5]	Henan Mao, Xiaogong Wang. Key Factors Affecting Rheological Behavior of High-Concentration Graphene Oxide Dispersions and Population Balance Equation Model Analysis [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2022, 38(4): 2004025-.
[6]	Feiyu Lin, Ying Yang, Congtan Zhu, Tian Chen, Shupeng Ma, Yuan Luo, Liu Zhu, Xueyi Guo. Fabrication of Stable CsPbI₂Br Perovskite Solar Cells in the Humid Air [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2022, 38(4): 2005007-.
[7]	Wusong Zha, Lianping Zhang, Long Wen, Jiachen Kang, Qun Luo, Qin Chen, Shangfeng Yang, Chang-Qi Ma. Controllable Formation of PbI₂ and PbI₂(DMSO) Nano Domains in Perovskite Films through Precursor Solvent Engineering [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2022, 38(3): 2003022-.
[8]	Zhicong Sun, Ergui Luo, Qinglei Meng, Xian Wang, Junjie Ge, Changpeng Liu, Wei Xing. High-Performance Palladium-Based Catalyst Boosted by Thin-Layered Carbon Nitride for Hydrogen Generation from Formic Acid [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2022, 38(3): 2003035-.
[9]	Aidi Han, Xiaohui Yan, Junren Chen, Xiaojing Cheng, Junliang Zhang. Effects of Dispersion Solvents on Proton Conduction Behavior of Ultrathin Nafion Films in the Catalyst Layers of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2022, 38(3): 1912052-.
[10]	Xiaoyun Xu, Hongbo Wu, Shijie Liang, Zheng Tang, Mengyang Li, Jing Wang, Xiang Wang, Jin Wen, Erjun Zhou, Weiwei Li, Zaifei Ma. Quantum Efficiency and Voltage Losses in P3HT: Non-fullerene Solar Cells [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2022, 38(11): 2201039-.
[11]	Rui Hao, Weixiang Guan, Fei Liu, Leilei Zhang, Aiqin Wang. Reaction Mechanism of Cellulose Conversion to Lactic Acid with Lewis Acid Catalysts [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2022, 38(10): 2205027-.
[12]	Wei Wang, Yao Wang, Zixiang Zhan, Tian Tan, Weiping Deng, Qinghong Zhang, Ye Wang. Heterogeneous Catalysis for Deoxygenation of Cellulose and Its Derivatives to Chemicals [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2022, 38(10): 2205032-.
[13]	Yuming Li, Haichao Liu. Selective Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol to 1, 3-Propanediol over Supported Platinum-Tungsten Oxide Catalysts [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2022, 38(10): 2207014-.
[14]	Jian Wang, Wei Ding, Zidong Wei. Performance of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells at Ultra-Low Platinum Loadings [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2021, 37(9): 2009094-.
[15]	Yanrong Xue, Xingdong Wang, Xiangqian Zhang, Jinjie Fang, Zhiyuan Xu, Yufeng Zhang, Xuerui Liu, Mengyuan Liu, Wei Zhu, Zhongbin Zhuang. Cost-Effective Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction Catalysts for Hydroxide Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2021, 37(9): 2009103-.

Progress in Chemo–Mechanical Interactions between Nanoparticles and Cells

RichHTML

PDF

Like

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 4

References 59

Related Articles 15

Metrics

Recommended 0