植物基多孔炭材料在超级电容器中的应用

doi:10.3866/PKU.WHXB201903055

物理化学学报 >> 2020, Vol. 36 >> Issue (2): 1903055.doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB201903055

所属专题：超级电容器

植物基多孔炭材料在超级电容器中的应用

郭楠楠,张苏*(),王鲁香*(),贾殿赠

新疆大学应用化学研究所，能源材料化学教育部重点实验室，先进功能材料自治区重点实验室，乌鲁木齐 830046

收稿日期:2019-03-25 录用日期:2019-05-24 发布日期:2019-06-03
通讯作者: 张苏,王鲁香 E-mail:suzhangs@163.com;wangluxiangxju@163.com
作者简介:张苏，男，1989年生。分别于2011年、2016年在北京化工大学获得学士和博士学位，师从宋怀河教授。现为新疆大学应用化学研究所副教授，主要从事炭材料及其在超级电容器、锂离子电池方面的应用研究|王鲁香，男，1979年生。分别于2005年、2011年在新疆大学获得学士和博士学位，师从贾殿赠教授。现为新疆大学应用化学研究所研究员，主要从事炭材料及其在超级电容器、水处理方面的应用研究
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(51702275);国家自然科学基金(21671166);国家自然科学基金(U1703251);新疆高校科研计划(XJEDU2017S003);新疆高校科研计划(XJEDU2018Y003);新疆天池博士计划资助项目

Application of Plant-Based Porous Carbon for Supercapacitors

Nannan Guo,Su Zhang*(),Luxiang Wang*(),Dianzeng Jia

Key Laboratory of Energy Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Autonomous Region, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, P. R. China

Received:2019-03-25 Accepted:2019-05-24 Published:2019-06-03
Contact: Su Zhang,Luxiang Wang E-mail:suzhangs@163.com;wangluxiangxju@163.com
Supported by:
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51702275);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21671166);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1703251);the Scientific Research Program of the Higher Education Institution of Xinjiang, China(XJEDU2017S003);the Scientific Research Program of the Higher Education Institution of Xinjiang, China(XJEDU2018Y003);the Xinjiang Tianchi Doctoral Project, China

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

植物基多孔炭具有发达的孔结构、大的表面积、较为成熟的制备工艺、丰富的来源、低廉的价格，是目前商业应用范围最广的超级电容器电极材料。然而在实际应用中仍然存在着质量/体积比容量较低、倍率性能差等问题。本文针对先进电容器件的高能量密度、优异功率性能的要求，首先介绍了近年来发展的植物基多孔炭的制备方法，讨论了植物前驱体的组成和结构对其产物结构的影响以及与其电化学性能之间的构效关系，特别总结了近年来植物基超大比表面积多孔炭、中孔炭、层次化多孔炭的制备方法和电容储能性能。针对大比表面积多孔炭用于超级电容器时的体积性能不佳这一关键问题，本文还总结了提高植物基多孔炭体积电化学性能的方法。最后，对植物基多孔电极材料存在的问题进行了分析与总结，并展望了其研究前景。

关键词: 超级电容器, 电极材料, 植物, 多孔炭材料, 电化学性能

Abstract:

Supercapacitors have been widely used in various fields because of their high power density, long cycle life, and cost-effectiveness. Plant-based porous carbon continues to be the most suitable alternative for manufacturing the commercial electrode materials of supercapacitors because of its good electrochemical performance, simple preparation process, high availability, and low cost. Although plant-based porous carbon prepared using physical activation has been widely used in commercial supercapacitors, its performance is severely restricted because of its low value of specific surface area and highly microporous structure. With a view to achieving high values of specific gravimetric/volumetric capacitances and outstanding rate performance in supercapacitors, this review summarizes the recently developed methods for preparing plant-based ultrahigh specific surface area porous carbon materials, mesoporous carbon materials, hierarchical porous carbon materials, and nitrogen-doped porous carbon materials. The factors affecting the electrochemical performance of plant-based porous carbon are also discussed. We also summarize some novel strategies to improve the volumetric electrochemical performance of plant-based porous carbon materials, such as preparing dense and porous carbon materials, performing heteroatom doping, and combining the carbon with pseudocapacitive materials (conductive polymers or metal oxides). Finally, the challenges and perspectives of using plant-based porous carbon in supercapacitors are also proposed. In brief, when used as the electrode material for supercapacitors, the ultrahigh surface area porous carbon prepared by KOH activation shows high value of specific capacitance at low current densities. However, the tortuous and deep micropores in the plant-based porous carbon result in its sluggish ion-transport kinetics and high value of equivalent series resistance, which, in turn, result in poor rate performance. To improve the rate performance, tremendous efforts have been made to introduce mesopores in the carbon as ion-transport channels. However, this strategy usually involves the coalescence of a large number of micropores, resulting in the reduced surface area as well as energy storage ability of the carbon. Hence, many researchers have utilized the inherent porous structure and inorganic templates of plants to prepare hierarchical porous carbon both with high specific surface area and high mesopore volume for use in devices with high capacitance and power. In addition to altering the surface area and pore structure of the carbon, doping with nitrogen is another promising approach to enhance the capacitance and electronic conductivity of the plant-based porous carbon. Surface nitrogen can be introduced by the direct carbonization/activation of nitrogen-rich plant precursors or by the reaction of the carbon with nitrogen-containing reagents. Porous carbon with large specific area and with developed mesoporous structure may exhibit superior gravimetric capacitance but inferior volumetric capacitance because of the trade-off between its well-developed microporous structure and packing density. To improve the volume performance, some methods, such as preparing dense and porous carbon with reasonably porous structure, using heteroatom-doped carbon, and incorporating the carbon with pseudocapacitive materials, have been developed. Although the electrochemical performance of plant-based porous carbon has been significantly improved using the aforementioned methods, yet issues such as the lack of green methods and low-cost activation methods to prepare large surface area porous carbon, the design and controlled modulation of carbon micro-structures, the influence of heteroatom doping on pseudocapacitance, and weak interaction between pseudocapacitive components and plant-based porous carbon still need to be resolved. We hope that this review may provide the necessary background and ideas to develop more effective preparation methods for high-performance plant-based porous carbon.

Key words: Supercapacitor, Electrode material, Plant, Porous carbon, Electrochemical performance

郭楠楠,张苏,王鲁香,贾殿赠. 植物基多孔炭材料在超级电容器中的应用[J]. 物理化学学报, 2020, 36(2), 1903055. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB201903055

Nannan Guo,Su Zhang,Luxiang Wang,Dianzeng Jia. Application of Plant-Based Porous Carbon for Supercapacitors[J]. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica 2020, 36(2), 1903055. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB201903055

链接本文: https://www.whxb.pku.edu.cn/CN/10.3866/PKU.WHXB201903055

https://www.whxb.pku.edu.cn/CN/Y2020/V36/I2/1903055

图/表 15

图1

表1

图2

表2

不同孔结构的植物基多孔炭材料的电化学性能对比"

Precursor	Specific surface area/ (m²∙g⁻¹)	Pore Volume/ (cm³∙g⁻¹)	Specific capacitance/ (F∙g⁻¹)	Scan rate	Specific capacitance / (F∙g⁻¹)	Scan rate	Unit surface area capacitance /(F∙m⁻²)	Rate performance	Electrolyte	Testing system	Reference
Tremella	3760	2.15	284	1 A∙g⁻¹	214	30 A∙g⁻¹	0.076	0.75	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Two electrode	94
Celtuce leave	3404	1.88	421	0.5 A∙g⁻¹	293	10 A∙g^-1	0.124	0.70	2 mol∙L^-1 KOH	Three electrode	95
			271	0.5 A∙g⁻¹	156	10 A∙g^-1	0.08	0.58	2 mol∙L^-1 KOH	Two electrode
Corn gluten meal	3353	2.07	488	0.5 A∙g⁻¹	220	20 A∙g⁻¹	0.146	0.45	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Three electrode	96
			298	0.5 A∙g⁻¹	165	20 A∙g⁻¹	0.089	0.55	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Two electrode
Liquefied wood	3223	1.686	247	0.5 A∙g⁻¹	227	10 A∙g⁻¹	0.077	0.92	1 mol∙L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	Two electrode	97
Cabbage leaves	3102	1.41	336	1 A∙g⁻¹	271	10 A∙g⁻¹	0.108	0.80	2 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Three electrode	98
Hemp stem	3062	1.44	318	0.1 A∙g⁻¹	193	50 A∙g⁻¹	0.104	0.61	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Three electrode	55
			230	1 A∙g⁻¹	170	50 A∙g⁻¹	0.075	0.74	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Two electrode
Bamboo	3061	1.46	258	0.1 A∙g⁻¹	93	5 A∙g⁻¹	0.084	0.36	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Three electrode	99
Glucose	2760	1.3	~240	1 A∙g⁻¹	138	90 A∙g⁻¹	0.087	0.58	1 mol∙L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	Two electrode	54
			3050	2.4	138	0.2 A∙g⁻¹	113	30 A∙g⁻¹	0.041	0.82	EMIM BF₄
Various pollen	3037	2.27	185	1 A∙g⁻¹	–	–	0.061	–	TEABF₄	Two electrode	100
			207	1 A∙g⁻¹	–	–	0.068	–	EMIMBF₄	Two electrode
Eucalyptus sawdust	2950	1.46	268	0.2 A∙g⁻¹	132	100 A∙g⁻¹	0.091	0.49	1 mol∙L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	Two electrode	53
			168	1 A∙g⁻¹	128	60 A∙g⁻¹	0.057	0.76	EMIM TFSI
Garlic skin	2818	1.33	427	0.5 A∙g⁻¹	315	50 A∙g⁻¹	0.152	0.74	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Two electrode	101
Pomelo peel	2725	1.28	~245	1 A∙g⁻¹	163.2	20 A∙g⁻¹	0.09	0.67	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Two electrode	57
Corn straw	2790	2.04	~282	1 A∙g⁻¹	205	100 A∙g⁻¹	0.101	0.73	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Two electrode	16
			~210	1 A∙g⁻¹	68	60 A∙g⁻¹	0.075	0.32	1 mol∙L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄	Two electrode
Spruce bark	2385	1.68	~280	1 A∙g⁻¹	249	10 A∙g⁻¹	0.117	0.89	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Two electrode	56
Sugarcane bagasse	2341	1.07	320	1 A∙g⁻¹	264	100 A∙g⁻¹	0.137	0.83	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Two electrode	102
Shaddock skin	2327	1.56	152	1 A∙g⁻¹	132	100 A∙g⁻¹	0.065	0.87	EMIMTFSI	Two electrode	45
shaddock skin	2300	1	180	1 A∙g⁻¹	–	–	0.078	–	0.5 mol∙L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	Three electrode	103
Moringa oleifera stem	2250	2.5	~220	0.2 A∙g⁻¹	195	5 A∙g⁻¹	0.097	0.87	1 mol∙L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	Two electrode	44
Clover	2244	1.44	436	1 A∙g⁻¹	298	50 A∙g⁻¹	0.194	0.68	1 mol∙L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	Three electrode	104
Soybean root	2143	0.94	260	1 A∙g⁻¹	225	20 A∙g⁻¹	0.121	0.87	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Two electrode	15
Soybean residue	2130	0.92	258	0.2 A∙g⁻¹	159	80 A∙g⁻¹	0.121	0.62	1 mol∙L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	Two electrode	105
Tobacco rod	2115	1.22	~224	1 A∙g⁻¹	~148	15 A∙g⁻¹	0.117	0.66	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Two electrode	106
Elm samara	1947	1.33	310	1 A∙g⁻¹	198	20 A∙g⁻¹	0.159	0.64	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Two electrode	9
Apricot shell	1790	0.96	268	0.5 A∙g⁻¹	212	20 A∙g⁻¹	0.15	0.79	1 mol∙L⁻¹ H₂SO4	Two electrode	42
Lignin	1690	0.78	240	1 A∙g⁻¹	209	30 A∙g⁻¹	0.142	0.87	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Two electrode	107
Cherry calyce	1612	1.2	303	1 A∙g⁻¹	259	20 A∙g⁻¹	0.188	0.85	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Two electrode	108
Auricularia	1607	1.57	347	1 A∙g⁻¹	278	50 A∙g⁻¹	0.216	0.8	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Three electrode	109
Cellulose	1535	0.87	198	1 A∙g⁻¹	133	10 A∙g⁻¹	0.129	0.67	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Three electrode	110
Algae	1338	0.59	143	1 A∙g⁻¹	79	20 A∙g⁻¹	0.107	0.55	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Two electrode	111
Cellulose	1326	–	296	2 mV∙s⁻¹	221	500mV∙s⁻¹	0.223	0.75	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Three electrode	112
Banana fiber	1097	–	86	5 mV∙s⁻¹	83	100 mV∙s⁻¹	0.078	0.97	1 mol∙L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄	Two electrode	113
Lotus	1015	0.824	340	0.5 A∙g⁻¹	240	20 A∙g⁻¹	0.335	0.71	2 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Three electrode	114
Coffee bean	1019	0.48	368	0.05 A∙g⁻¹	–	–	0.361	–	1 mol∙L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	Three electrode	115
Lignin	903	0.53	247	1 A∙g⁻¹	110	20 A∙g⁻¹	0.274	0.45	7 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Two electrode	116
Cork	689	0.75	242	0.1 A∙g⁻¹	199	50 A∙g⁻¹	0.351	0.82	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Two electrode	17
Comparison of electrochemical performance of other porous carbon materials with different porous structure
Activated graphene	3290	–	174	2.1 A∙g⁻¹	–	–	0.053	–	EMIM TFSI/ EMIM BF₄	Two electrode	117
Hierarchical carbon	2582	–	410	5 A∙g⁻¹	349	100 A∙g⁻¹	0.159	0.85	1 mol∙L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	Three electrode	118
Carbon nanocage	2561	--	205	1 A∙g⁻¹	179	200 A∙g⁻¹	0.008	0.87	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Two electrode	119
Porous carbon	2000	0.58	202	0.2 A∙g⁻¹	–	–	0.101	–	1 mol∙L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	Two electrode	120
Graphene	1435	4.11	236.8	1 A∙g⁻¹	171	30 A∙g⁻¹	0.217	0.72	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Two electrode	121
Carbon xerogel microspheres	1133	0.46	251	0.125 A∙g⁻¹	141	4 A∙g⁻¹	0.222	0.56	1 mol∙L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	Three electrode	122
Graphene	890	--	200	0.5 A∙g⁻¹	166	10 A∙g⁻¹	0.224	0.83	2 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Two electrode	123
Graphene/Carbon nanotube	652	--	199	0.5 A∙g⁻¹	99	20 A∙g⁻¹	0.305	0.50	EMIM BF₄	Two electrode	124
Graphene	630	0.42	255	0.5 A∙g⁻¹	100	30 A∙g⁻¹	0.403	0.39	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Three electrode	125
Activated carbon	511	0.25	164	0.1 mA∙cm⁻²	134	20 mA∙cm^-2	0.320	0.82	30% (w) KOH	Two electrode	126

表2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

图9

表3

表4

不同孔结构的植物基多孔炭材料的体积、质量电化学性能对比"

Precursor	Specific surface area/(m²∙g⁻¹)	Pore volume/ (cm³∙g⁻¹)	Gravimetric capacitance/(F∙g⁻¹)	Density/ (g∙cm⁻³)	Volumetric capacitance/(F∙cm⁻³)	Scan rate	Electrolyte	Testing system	Reference
Elm samara	1947	1.33	470	0.57	267	1 A∙g⁻¹	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Two electrode	9
Hemp stem	3062	1.72	318	0.23	73	0.1 A∙g⁻¹	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Two electrode	55
Pomelo peel	2725	1.28	342	0.5	171	0.2 A∙g⁻¹	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Three electrode	57
Celtuce leave	3290	1.71	421	0.45	190	0.5 A∙g⁻¹	2 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Three electrode	95
Garlic skin	2818	1.32	427	0.38	162	0.5 A∙g⁻¹	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Two electrode	101
Sodium lignosulfonate	905	0.53	247	0.97	240	0.05 A∙g⁻¹	7 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Three electrode	116
Soybean	580	0.41	425	1.1	468	0.5 A∙g⁻¹	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Three electrode	14
Perilla frutescens	655	0.44	270	1.06	287	0.5 A∙g⁻¹	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Three electrode	140
Pomelo peel	832	0.57	374	0.93	349	0.1 A∙g⁻¹	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Three electrode	145
Willow catkin	997	0.51	306	0.99	303	0.1 A∙g⁻¹	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Three electrode	146
Auricularia	1103	0.54	374	0.96	360	0.5 A∙g⁻¹	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Three electrode	147
Kelp	1002	0.62	440	0.82	360	0.5 A∙g⁻¹	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Three electrode	148
Waxberry	658.5	0.38	--	--	1320.4	0.1 A∙g⁻¹	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Three electrode	149
Jujube	829	0.45	449	1.06	476	1 mV∙s⁻¹	1 mol∙L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	Three electrode	150
Bacterial cellulose	1037	1.04	261	0.65	170	2 mV∙s⁻¹	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Three electrode	151
Corn straw	1413	0.68	378.9	0.85	321.1	0.05 A∙g⁻¹	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Three electrode	152
Comparison of electrochemical performance of other porous carbon materials with different pore structures
Activated graphene	3290	–	174	0.59	100	1 A∙g⁻¹	EMIMTFSI	Two electrode	117
Hierarchical carbon	2582	–	207	0.72	149	0.5 A∙g⁻¹	BMIMPF6/AN	Two electrode	118
Carbon nanocage	2561	–	205	0.46	94	1 A∙g⁻¹	KOH	Two electrode	119
Graphene/Carbon nanotube	652	–	199	1.06	211	0.5 A∙g⁻¹	EMIM BF₄	Two electrode	124
Graphene	630	0.42	255	0.77	196	0.5 A∙g⁻¹	6 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	Three electrode	125
Activated carbon	511	0.25	164	1.04	170	1 mA∙cm⁻²	30% KOH (w)	Two electrode	126
Carbon nanotube	–	–	159	0.83	132	50 mV∙s⁻¹	1 mol∙L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	Three electrode	153
Carbon nanotube	–	–	260	0.5	130	0.1 A∙g⁻¹	EMIM BF₄	Two electrode	154
Porous graphene	–	–	298	0.70	212	1 A∙g⁻¹	EMIM BF₄	Two electrode	155

表4

图10

图11

参考文献 155

1	Wang J. ; Nie P. ; Ding B. ; Dong S. ; Hao X. ; Dou H. ; Zhang X. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5 (6), 2411. doi: 10.1039/C6TA08742F
2	Xie K. ; Wei B. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26 (22), 3592. doi: 10.1002/adma.201305919
3	Yan J. ; Wang Q. ; Wei T. ; Fan Z. Adv. Energy Mater. 2014, 4 (4), 1300816. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201300816
4	El-Kady M. F. ; Strong V. ; Dubin S. ; Kaner R. B. Science 2012, 335 (6074), 1326. doi: 10.1126/science.1216744
5	Islam M. S. ; Fisher C. A. J. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43 (1), 185. doi: 10.1039/C3CS60199D
6	Wu Z. S. ; Parvez K. ; Feng X. ; Müllen K. Nat. Commun. 2013, 4, 2487. doi: 10.1038/ncomms3487
7	Zhu Y. ; Murali S. ; Stoller M. D. ; Ganesh K. J. ; Cai W. ; Ferreira P. J. ; Pirkle A. ; Wallace R. M. ; Cychosz K. A. ; Thommes M. ; et al Science 2011, 332 (6037), 1537. doi: 10.1126/science.1200770
8	Weingarth D. ; Zeiger M. ; Jäckel N. ; Aslan M. ; Feng G. ; Presser V. Adv. Energy Mater. 2014, 4 (13), 1400316. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201400316
9	Chen C. ; Yu D. ; Zhao G. ; Du B. ; Tang W. ; Sun L. ; Sun Y. ; Besenbacher F. ; Yu M. Nano Energy 2016, 27, 377. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.07.020
10	Li D. Y. ; Zhang J. C. ; Wang Z. Y. ; Jin X. B. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2017, 33 (11), 2245. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB201705241
	李道琰; 张基琛; 王志勇; 金先波. 物理化学学报, 2017, 33 (11), 2245. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB201705241
11	Long W. ; Fang B. ; Ignaszak A. ; Wu Z. ; Wang Y. J. ; Wilkinson D. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2017, 46 (23), 7176. doi: 10.1039/C6CS00639F
12	Deng J. ; Li M. ; Wang Y. Green Chem. 2016, 18 (18), 4824. doi: 10.1039/C6GC01172A
13	Field C. B. ; Behrenfeld M. J. ; Randerson J. T. ; Falkowski P. Science 1998, 281 (5374), 237. doi: 10.1126/science.281.5374.237
14	Long C. ; Jiang L. ; Wu X. ; Jiang Y. ; Yang D. ; Wang C. ; Wei T. ; Fan Z. Carbon 2015, 93, 412. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2015.05.040
15	Guo N. ; Li M. ; Wang Y. ; Sun X. ; Wang F. ; Yang R. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8 (49), 33626. doi: 10.1021/acsami.6b11162
16	Qiu Z. ; Wang Y. ; Bi X. ; Zhou T. ; Zhou J. ; Zhao J. ; Miao Z. ; Yi W. ; Fu P. ; Zhuo S. J. Power Sources 2018, 376, 82. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.11.077
17	Qiu D. ; Guo N. ; Gao A. ; Zheng L. ; Xu W. ; Li M. ; Wang F. ; Yang R. Electrochim. Acta 2019, 294, 398. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.10.049
18	Sun L. ; Tian C. ; Li M. ; Meng X. ; Wang L. ; Wang R. ; Yin J. ; Fu H. J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1 (21), 6462. doi: 10.1039/C3TA10897J
19	Li Z. ; Lv W. ; Zhang C. ; Li B. ; Kang F. ; Yang Q. H. Carbon 2015, 92, 11. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2015.02.054
20	Wang Y. ; Ben T. ; Qiu S. L. Chem. J. Chin. Univ. 2016, 37 (6), 1042. doi: 10.7503/cjcu20160075
	王昀; 贲腾; 裘式纶. 高等学校化学学报, 2016, 37 (6), 1042. doi: 10.7503/cjcu20160075
21	Ma Y. W. ; Xiong C. Y. ; Huang W. ; Zhao J. ; Li X. A. ; Fan Q. L. ; Huang W. Chin. J. Inorg. Chem. 2012, 28 (3), 546.
	马延文; 熊传银; 黄雯; 赵进; 李兴螯; 范曲立; 黄维. 无机化学学报, 2012, 28 (3), 546.
22	Wu. Z. Y ; Fan L. ; Tao Y. R. ; Wang W. ; Wu X. C. ; Zhao J. W. Chin. J. Inorg. Chem. 2018, 34 (7), 1249. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.2018.166
	武中钰; 范蕾; 陶友荣; 王伟; 吴兴才; 赵健伟. 无机化学学报, 2018, 34 (7), 1249. doi: 10.11862/CJIC.2018.166
23	Guo P. ; Ji Q. ; Zhang L. ; Zhao S. ; Zhao X. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2011, 27 (12), 2836. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB20112836
	郭培志; 季倩倩; 张丽莉; 赵善玉; 赵修松. 物理化学学报, 2011, 27 (12), 2836. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB20112836
24	Jiang L. ; Sheng L. ; Fan Z. Sci. China Mater. 2018, 61 (2), 133. doi: 10.1007/s40843-017-9169-4
25	Lu H. ; Zhao X. S. Sustain. Energy Fuels 2017, 1 (6), 1265. doi: 10.1039/C7SE00099E
26	Xia W. ; Li Z. ; Xu Yin. ; Zhuang X. ; Jia S. ; Zhang J. Prog. Chem. 2016, 28 (11), 1682. doi: 10.7536/PC160517
	夏文; 李政; 徐银莉; 庄旭品; 贾士儒; 张健飞. 化学进展, 2016, 28 (11), 1682. doi: 10.7536/PC160517
27	Wu Z. ; Zhang X. B. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2017, 33 (2), 305. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB201611012
	吴中; 张新波. 物理化学学报, 2017, 33 (2), 305. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB201611012
28	Li X. Q. ; Chang L. ; Zhao S. L. ; Hao C. L. ; Lu C. G. ; Zhu Y. H. ; Tang Z. Y. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2017, 33 (1), 130. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB201609012
	李雪芹; 常琳; 赵慎龙; 郝昌龙; 陆晨光; 朱以华; 唐智勇. 物理化学学报, 2017, 33 (1), 130. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB201609012
29	Isikgor F. H. ; Becer C. R. Polym. Chem. 2015, 6 (25), 4497. doi: 10.1039/C5PY00263J
30	Balat M. Energy Source Part A 2008, 30 (7), 620. doi: 10.1080/15567030600817258
31	Mészáros E. ; Jakab E. ; Várhegyi G. ; Bourke J. ; Manley-Harris M. ; Nunoura T. ; Antal M. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2007, 46 (18), 5943. doi: 10.1021/ie0615842
32	Mi J. ; Wang X. R. ; Fan R. J. ; Qu W. H. ; Li W. C. Energy Fuels 2012, 26 (8), 5321. doi: 10.1021/ef3009234
33	Wei J. ; Iglesia E. J. Catal. 2004, 224 (2), 370. doi: 10.1016/j.jcat.2004.02.032
34	Sevilla M. ; Fuertes A. B. ; Mokaya R. Energy Environ. Sci. 2011, 4 (4), 1400. doi: 10.1039/C0EE00347F
35	Wang J. ; Kaskel S. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22 (45), 23710. doi: 10.1039/C2JM34066F
36	Cabal B. ; Budinova T. ; Ania C. O. ; Tsyntsarski B. ; Parra J. B. ; Petrova B. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009, 161 (2), 1150. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.04.108
37	Duan X. H. ; Srinivasakannan C. ; Peng J. H. ; Zhang L. B. ; Zhang Z. Y. Fuel Process. Technol. 2011, 92 (3), 394. doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.09.033
38	Aworn A. ; Thiravetyan P. ; Nakbanpote W. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 2008, 82 (2), 279. doi: 10.1016/j.jaap.2008.04.007
39	Bouchelta C. ; Medjram M. S. ; Bertrand O. ; Bellat J. P. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 2008, 82 (1), 70. doi: 10.1016/j.jaap.2007.12.009
40	Yang K. ; Peng J. ; Srinivasakannan C. ; Zhang L. ; Xia H. ; Duan X. Bioresour. Technol. 2010, 101 (15), 6163. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.03.001
41	Nabais J. M. V. ; Nunes P. ; Carrott P. J. M. ; Ribeiro Carrott M. M. L. ; GarcíaA. M. ; Díaz-Díez M. A. Fuel Process. Technol. 2008, 89 (3), 262. doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2007.11.030
42	Shu Y. ; Maruyama J. ; Iwasaki S. ; Maruyama S. ; Shen Y. ; Uyama H. J. Power Sources 2017, 364, 374. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.08.059
43	Rufford T. E. ; Hulicova-Jurcakova D. ; Khosla K. ; Zhu Z. ; Lu G. Q. J. Power Sources 2010, 195 (3), 912. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.08.048
44	Cai Y. ; Luo Y. ; Dong H. ; Zhao X. ; Xiao Y. ; Liang Y. ; Hu H. ; Liu Y. ; Zheng M. J. Power Sources 2017, 353, 260. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.04.021
45	Tian W. ; Gao Q. ; Tan Y. ; Li Z. Carbon 2017, 119, 287. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2017.04.050
46	Xu B. ; Chen Y. ; Wei G. ; Cao G. ; Zhang H. ; Yang Y. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2010, 124 (1), 504. doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2010.07.002
47	Foo K. Y. ; Hameed B. H. Chem. Eng. J. 2011, 173 (2), 385. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2011.07.073
48	Deng H. ; Zhang G. ; Xu X. ; Tao G. ; Dai J. J. Hazard. Mater. 2010, 182 (1), 217. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.06.018
49	Huang L. ; Sun Y. ; Wang W. ; Yue Q. ; Yang T. Chem. Eng. J. 2011, 171 (3), 1446. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2011.05.041
50	Hejazifar M. ; Azizian S. ; Sarikhani H. ; Li Q. ; Zhao D. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 2011, 92 (1), 258. doi: 10.1016/j.jaap.2011.06.007
51	Tay T. ; Ucar S. ; Karagöz S. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009, 165 (1), 481. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.10.011
52	Foo K. Y. ; Hameed B. H. Bioresour. Technol. 2012, 104, 679. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.10.005
53	Sevilla M. ; Ferrero G. A. ; Fuertes A. B. Carbon 2017, 114, 50. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2016.12.010
54	Sevilla M. ; Fuertes A. B. ChemSusChem 2016, 9 (14), 1880. doi: 10.1002/cssc.201600426
55	Wang Y. ; Yang R. ; Li M. ; Zhao Z. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2015, 65, 216. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.12.008
56	Sun Z. ; Zheng M. ; Hu H. ; Dong H. ; Liang Y. ; Xiao Y. ; Lei B. ; Liu Y. Chem. Eng. J. 2018, 336, 550. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2017.12.019
57	Liang Q. ; Ye L. ; Huang Z. H. ; Xu Q. ; Bai Y. ; Kang F. ; Yang Q. H. Nanoscale 2014, 6 (22), 13831. doi: 10.1039/C4NR04541F
58	Yu Z. L. ; Li G. C. ; Fechler N. ; Yang N. ; Ma Z. Y. ; Wang X. ; Antonietti M. ; Yu S. H. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016, 55 (47), 14623. doi: 10.1002/anie.201605510
59	Hou J. ; Cao C. ; Idrees F. ; Ma X. ACS Nano 2015, 9 (3), 2556. doi: 10.1021/nn506394r
60	Yahya M. A. ; Al-Qodah Z. ; Ngah C. W. Z. Renewable Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 46, 218. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.051
61	Donald J. ; Ohtsuka Y. ; Xu C. Mater. Lett. 2011, 65 (4), 744. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2010.11.049
62	Funke A. ; Ziegler F. Bioful Bioprod. Biorefin. 2010, 4 (2), 160. doi: 10.1002/bbb.198
63	Titirici M. M. ; White R. J. ; Brun N. ; Budarin V. L. ; Su D. S. ; del Monte F. ; Clark J. H. ; MacLachlan M. J. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015, 44 (1), 250. doi: 10.1039/C4CS00232F
64	Baccile N. ; Falco C. ; Titirici M. M. Green Chem. 2014, 16 (12), 4839. doi: 10.1039/C3GC42570C
65	Libra J. A. ; Ro K. S. ; Kammann C. ; Funke A. ; Berge N. D. ; Neubauer Y. ; Titirici M. M. ; Fühner C. ; Bens O. ; Kern J. R. Biofuels 2011, 2 (1), 71. doi: 10.4155/bfs.10.81
66	Titirici M. M. ; Antonietti M. ; Baccile N. Green Chem. 2008, 10 (11), 1204. doi: 10.1039/B807009A
67	Zhao L. ; Fan L. Z. ; Zhou M. Q. ; Guan H. ; Qiao S. ; Antonietti M. ; Titirici M. M. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22 (45), 5202. doi: 10.1002/adma.201002647
68	Kubo S. ; Tan I. ; White R. J. ; Antonietti M. ; Titirici M. M. Chem. Mater. 2010, 22 (24), 6590. doi: 10.1021/cm102556h
69	Ren Y. ; Xu Q. ; Zhang J. ; Yang H. ; Wang B. ; Yang D. ; Hu J. ; Liu Z. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6 (12), 9689. doi: 10.1021/am502035g
70	Yu Z. ; Wang X. ; Song X. ; Liu Y. ; Qiu J. Carbon 2015, 95, 852. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2015.08.105
71	Wang J. ; Ding B. ; Hao X. ; Xu Y. ; Wang Y. ; Shen L. ; Dou H. ; Zhang X. Carbon 2016, 102, 255. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2016.02.047
72	Chang Y. ; Antonietti M. ; Fellinger T.-P. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54 (18), 5507. doi: 10.1002/anie.201411685
73	Yin H. ; Lu B. ; Xu Y. ; Tang D. ; Mao X. ; Xiao W. ; Wang D. ; Alshawabkeh A. N. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48 (14), 8101. doi: 10.1021/es501739v
74	Elumeeva K. ; Fechler N. ; Fellinger T. P. ; Antonietti M. Mater. Horiz. 2014, 1 (6), 588. doi: 10.1039/C4MH00123K
75	Liu X. ; Giordano C. ; Antonietti M. Small 2014, 10 (1), 193. doi: 10.1002/smll.201300812
76	Simon P. ; Gogotsi Y. Nat. Mater. 2008, 7, 845. doi: 10.1038/nmat2297
77	Wang D. W. ; Li F. ; Liu M. ; Lu G. Q. ; Cheng H. M. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47 (2), 373. doi: 10.1002/anie.200702721
78	Wang Q. ; Yan J. ; Wang Y. ; Wei T. ; Zhang M. ; Jing X. ; Fan Z. Carbon 2014, 67, 119. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2013.09.070
79	Huang W. ; Zhang H. ; Huang Y. ; Wang W. ; Wei S. Carbon 2011, 49 (3), 838. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2010.10.025
80	Chen C. ; Zhang Y. ; Li Y. ; Dai J. ; Song J. ; Yao Y. ; Gong Y. ; Kierzewski I. ; Xie J. ; Hu L. Energy Environ. Sci. 2017, 10 (2), 538. doi: 10.1039/C6EE03716J
81	Cheng P. ; Li T. ; Yu H. ; Zhi L. ; Liu Z. ; Lei Z. J. Phys. Chem. C 2016, 120 (4), 2079. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b11280
82	Guo N. ; Li M. ; Wang Y. ; Sun X. ; Wang F. ; Yang R. RSC Adv. 2016, 6 (103), 101372. doi: 10.1039/C6RA22426A
83	Li H. ; Qi. C. ; Tao Y. ; Liu H. ; Wang D. ; Li F. ; Yang Q. H. ; Cheng H. M. Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 1900079. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201900079
84	Wang Q. ; Yan J. ; Dong Z. L. ; Qu L. T. ; Fan Z. J. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2015, 1 (42), 504. doi: 10.1016/j.ensm.2015.09.001
85	Xu B. ; Wu F. ; Chen R. ; Cao G. P. ; Chen S. ; Zhou Z. ; Yang Y. S. Electrochem. Commun. 2008, 10 (5), 795. doi: 10.1016/j.elecom.2008.02.033
86	Xu B. ; Zhang H. ; Cao G. P. ; Zhang W. F. ; Yang Y. S. Prog. Chem. 2011, 23 (Z1), 605.
	徐斌; 张浩; 曹高萍; 张文峰; 杨裕生. 化学进展, 2011, 23 (Z1), 605.
87	Wang Q. ; Yan J. ; Fan Z. Energy Environ. Sci. 2016, 9 (3), 729. doi: 10.1039/C5EE03109E
88	Liu H. ; Song H. ; Chen X. ; Zhang S. ; Zhou J. ; Ma Z. J. Power Sources 2015, 285, 303. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.03.115
89	Xu B. ; Zheng D. ; Jia M. ; Cao G. P. ; Yang Y. S. Electrochim. Acta 2013, 98, 176. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.03.053
90	Zhu Z. H. ; Hatori H. ; Wang S. B. ; Lu G. Q. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109 (35), 16744. doi: 10.1021/jp051787o
91	Zhi M. ; Xiang C. ; Li J. ; Li M. ; Wu N. Nanoscale 2013, 5 (1), 72. doi: 10.1039/C2NR32040A
92	Wang G. ; Zhang L. ; Zhang J. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41 (2), 797. doi: 10.1039/C1CS15060J
93	Wang P. ; Ye H. ; Yin Y. X. ; Chen H. ; Bian Y. B. ; Wang Z. R. ; Cao F. F. ; Guo Y. G. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31 (4), 1805134. doi: 10.1002/adma.201805134
94	Guo N. ; Li M. ; Sun X. ; Wang F. ; Yang R. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2017, 201, 399. doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2017.08.054
95	Wang R. ; Wang P. ; Yan X. ; Lang J. ; Peng C. ; Xue Q. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2012, 4 (11), 5800. doi: 10.1021/am302077c
96	Cheng B. H. ; Tian K. ; Zeng R. J. ; Jiang H. Sustain. Energy Fuels 2017, 1 (4), 891. doi: 10.1039/C7SE00029D
97	Jin Z. ; Yan X. ; Yu Y. ; Zhao G. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2 (30), 11706. doi: 10.1039/C4TA01413H
98	Wang P. ; Wang Q. ; Zhang G. ; Jiao H. ; Deng X. ; Liu L. J. Solid State Electrochem. 2016, 20 (2), 319. doi: 10.1007/s10008-015-3042-1
99	Yang C. S. ; Jang Y. S. ; Jeong H. K. Current Applied Phys. 2014, 14 (12), 1616. doi: 10.1016/j.cap.2014.09.021
100	Zhang L. ; Zhang F. ; Yang X. ; Leng K. ; Huang Y. ; Chen Y. Small 2013, 9 (8), 1342. doi: 10.1002/smll.201202943
101	Zhang Q. ; Han K. ; Li S. ; Li M. ; Li J. ; Ren K. Nanoscale 2018, 10 (5), 2427. doi: 10.1039/C7NR07158B
102	Niu Q. ; Gao K. ; Tang Q. ; Wang L. ; Han L. ; Fang H. ; Zhang Y. ; Wang S. ; Wang L. Carbon 2017, 123, 290. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2017.07.078
103	Falco C. ; Sieben J. M. ; Brun N. ; Sevilla M. ; vander Mauelen T. ; Morallón E. ; Cazorla-Amorós D. ; Titirici M. M. ChemSusChem 2013, 6 (2), 374. doi: 10.1002/cssc.201200817
104	Wang C. ; Wu D. ; Wang H. ; Gao Z. ; Xu F. ; Jiang K. J. Power Sources 2017, 363, 375. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.07.097
105	Ferrero G. A. ; Fuertes A. B. ; Sevilla M. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 16618. doi: 10.1038/srep16618
106	Zhao Y. Q. ; Lu M. ; Tao P. Y. ; Zhang Y. J. ; Gong X. T. ; Yang Z. ; Zhang G. Q. ; Li H. L. J. Power Sources 2016, 307, 391. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.01.020
107	Guo N. ; Li M. ; Sun X. ; Wang F. ; Yang R. Green Chem. 2017, 19 (11), 2595. doi: 10.1039/C7GC00506G
108	Yu D. ; Chen C. ; Zhao G. ; Sun L. ; Du B. ; Zhang H. ; Li Z. ; Sun Y. ; Besenbacher F. ; Yu M. ChemSusChem 2018, 11 (10), 1678. doi: 10.1002/cssc.201800202
109	Jiang L. ; Sheng L. ; Chen X. ; Wei T. ; Fan Z. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4 (29), 11388. doi: 10.1039/C6TA02570F
110	Yi J. ; Qing Y. ; Wu C. ; Zeng Y. ; Wu Y. ; Lu X. ; Tong Y. J. Power Sources 2017, 351, 130. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.03.036
111	Zhu B. ; Liu B. ; Qu C. ; Zhang H. ; Guo W. ; Liang Z. ; Chen F. ; Zou R. J. Mater. Chem. A 2018, 6 (4), 1523. doi: 10.1039/C7TA09608A
112	Long C. ; Qi D. ; Wei T. ; Yan J. ; Jiang L. ; Fan Z. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2014, 24 (25), 3953. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201304269
113	Subramanian V. ; Luo C. ; Stephan A. M. ; Nahm K. S. ; Thomas S. ; Wei B. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111 (20), 7527. doi: 10.1021/jp067009t
114	Lu S. Y. ; Jin M. ; Zhang Y. ; Niu Y. B. ; Gao J. C. ; Li C. M. Adv. Energy Mater. 2018, 8 (11), 1702545. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201702545
115	Rufford T. E. ; Hulicova-Jurcakova D. ; Zhu Z. ; Lu G. Q. Electrochem. Commun. 2008, 10 (10), 1594. doi: 10.1016/j.elecom.2008.08.022
116	Pang J. ; Zhang W. ; Zhang J. ; Cao G. ; Han M. ; Yang Y. Green Chem. 2017, 19 (16), 3916. doi: 10.1039/C7GC01434A
117	Kim T. ; Jung G. ; Yoo S. ; Suh K. S. ; Ruoff R. S. ACS Nano 2013, 7 (8), 6899- 6905. doi: 10.1021/nn402077v
118	Xu J. ; Tan Z. ; Zeng W. ; Chen G. ; Wu S. ; Zhao Y. ; Ni K. ; Tao Z. ; Ikram M. ; Ji H. ; et al Adv. Mater. 2016, 28 (26), 5222. doi: 10.1002/adma.201600586
119	Bu Y. ; Sun T. ; Cai Y. ; Du L. ; Zhuo O. ; Yang L. ; Wu Q. ; Wang X. ; Hu Z. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29 (24), 1700470. doi: 10.1002/adma.201700470
120	Vix-Guterl C. ; Frackowiak E. ; Jurewicz K. ; Friebe M. ; Parmentier J. ; Béguin F. Carbon 2005, 43 (6), 1293. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.028
121	Yoon Y. ; Lee K. ; Baik C. ; Yoo H. ; Min M. ; Park Y. ; Lee S. ; Lee H. Adv. Mater. 2013, 25 (32), 4437. doi: 10.1002/adma.201301230
122	Zapata-Benabithe Z. ; Carrasco-Marín F. ; de Vicente J. ; Moreno-Castilla C. Langmuir 2013, 29 (20), 6166. doi: 10.1021/la4007422
123	Chang L. ; Stacchiola D. ; Hu Y. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9 (29), 24655- 24661. doi: 10.1021/acsami.7b07381
124	Pham D. ; Lee T. ; Luong D. ; Yao F. ; Ghosh A. ; Le V. ; Kim T. ; Li B. ; Chang J. ; Lee Y. ACS Nano 2015, 9 (2), 2018. doi: 10.1021/nn507079x
125	Lei Z. ; Lu L. ; Zhao X. S. Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5 (4), 6391. doi: 10.1039/C1EE02478G
126	Hulicova-jurcakova D. ; Seredych M. ; Lu G. Q. ; Bandosz T. J. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2009, 19 (3), 438. doi: 10.1002/adfm.200801236
127	He X. ; Ling P. ; Yu M. ; Wang X. ; Zhang X. ; Zheng M. Electrochim. Acta 2013, 105, 635. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.05.050
128	Candelaria S. L. ; Garcia B. B. ; Liu D. W. ; Cao G. Z. J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 9884. doi: 10.1039/c2jm30923h
129	Paraknowitsch J. P ; Thomas A. ; Antonietti M. J. Mater Chem. 2010, 20, 6746. doi: 10.1039/C0JM00869A
130	Xu S. W. ; Zhao Y. Q. ; Xu Y. X. ; Chen Q. H. ; Zhang G. Q. ; Xu Q. Q. ; Zhao D. D. ; Zhang X. ; Xu C. L. J. Power Sources 2018, 401, 375. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.09.012
131	Li L. ; Zhou Y. ; Zhou H. ; Qu H. ; Zhang C. ; Guo M. ; Liu X. ; Zhang Q. ; Gao B. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2019, 7 (1), 1337. doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b05022
132	Yu W. ; Wang H. ; Liu S. ; Mao N. ; Liu X. ; Shi J. ; Liu W. ; Chen S. ; Wang X. J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4 (16), 5973. doi: 10.1039/C6TA01821A
133	Li Z. ; Mi H. ; Bai Z. ; Ji C. ; Sun L. ; Gao S. ; Qiu J. J. Power Sources 2019, 418, 112. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.02.034
134	Cheng P. ; Gao S. ; Zang P. ; Yang X. ; Bai Y. ; Xu H. ; Liu Z. ; Lei Z. Carbon 2015, 93, 315. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2015.05.056
135	Wu X. ; Jiang L. ; Long C. ; Fan Z. Nano Energy 2015, 13, 527. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.03.013
136	Yang X. ; Li M. ; Guo N. ; Yan M. ; Yang R. ; Wang F. RSC Adv. 2016, 6 (6), 4365. doi: 10.1039/C5RA24055G
137	Zhu G. ; Ma L. ; Lv H. ; Hu Y. ; Chen T. ; Chen R. ; Liang J. ; Wang X. ; Wang Y. ; Yan C. ; et al Nanoscale 2017, 9 (3), 1237. doi: 10.1039/C6NR08139H
138	Ma G. ; Yang Q. ; Sun K. ; Peng H. ; Ran F. ; Zhao X. ; Lei Z. Bioresour. Technol. 2015, 197, 137. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.100
139	Gao S. ; Liu H. ; Geng K. ; Wei X. .Nano Energy 2015, 12, 785. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.02.004
140	Liu B. ; Liu Y. ; Chen H. ; Yang M. ; Li H. J. Power Sources 2017, 341, 309. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.12.022
141	Liu J. ; Deng Y. ; Li X. ; Wang L. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2016, 4 (1), 177. doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b00926
142	Chen L. ; Ji T. ; Mu L. ; Zhu J. Carbon 2017, 111, 839. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2016.10.054
143	Shen W. ; Fan W. J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1 (4), 999. doi: 10.1039/C2TA00028H
144	Li Y. ; Zhang S. ; Song H. ; Chen X. ; Zhou J. ; Hong S Electrochim. Acta 2015, 180, 879. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.09.039
145	Liu J. ; Li H. ; Zhang H. ; Liu Q. ; Li R. ; Li B. ; Wang J. J. Solid State Chem. 2018, 257, 64. doi: 10.1016/j.jssc.2017.07.033
146	Wang K. ; Yan R. ; Zhao N. ; Tian X. ; Li X. ; Lei S. ; Song Y. ; Guo Q. ; Liu L. Mater. Lett. 2016, 174, 249. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2016.03.063
147	Long C. ; Chen X. ; Jiang L. ; Zhi L. ; Fan Z. Nano Energy 2015, 12, 141. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2014.12.014
148	Li J. ; Liu K. ; Gao X. ; Yao B. ; Huo K. ; Cheng Y. ; Cheng X. ; Chen D. ; Wang B. ; Sun W. ; et al ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7 (44), 24622. doi: 10.1021/acsami.5b06698
149	Dong X. ; Jin H. ; Wang R. ; Zhang J. ; Feng X. ; Yan C. ; Chen S. ; Wang S. ; Wang J. ; Lu J. Adv. Energy Mater. 2018, 8 (11), 1702695. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201702695
150	Liu X. ; Ma C. ; Li J. ; Zielinska B. ; Kalenczuk R. J. ; Chen X. ; Chu P. K. ; Tang T. ; Mijowska E. J. Power Sources 2019, 412, 1. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.11.032
151	Jiang Y. ; Yan J. ; Wu X. ; Shan D. ; Zhou Q. ; Jiang L. ; Yang D. ; Fan Z. J. Power Sources 2016, 307, 190. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.12.081
152	Xie Q. ; Bao R. ; Zheng A. ; Zhang Y. ; Wu S. ; Xie C. ; Zhao P. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2016, 4 (3), 1422. doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b01417
153	Lee S. W. ; Kim B. S. ; Chen S. ; Shao-Horn Y. ; Hammond P. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 131 (2), 671. doi: 10.1021/ja807059k
154	Zhou Y. ; Ghaffari M. ; Lin M. ; Parsons E. M. ; Liu Y. ; Wardle B. L. ; Zhang Q. M. Electrochim. Acta 2013, 111, 608. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.08.032
155	Xu Y. ; Lin Z. ; Zhong X. ; Huang X. ; Weiss N. O. ; Huang Y. ; Duan X. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 4554. doi: 10.1038/ncomms5554

Precursor	Activator	Reagent	O (mole fraction)	N (mole fraction)	Reference
Hemp stem	KOH	NH₃	17.9%	4.4%	82
Clover	KCl	–	6.9%	2.6%	104
Soybean residue	KOH	–	13.9% (w)	1.6 %(w)	105
Tobacco rod	KOH	–	9.8%	1.3%	106
Wheat gluten	KOH	–	8.5%	1.3%	130
Algae	KOH	–	11.8%	0.9%	132
Soybean dreg	KOH		12.5%	1.9%	133
Mushroom	KOH	–	8.4%	1.7%	134
Flour	KOH	–	11.2%	1.1%	135
Loofa sponge	KOH	–	4.8%	0.7%	136
Pine needle	KOH	–	–	1.5%	137
Potato residue	ZnCl₂	–	–	0.4% (w)	138
Honeysuckles	Pyrolysis	–	14.4%	2%	139
Perilla frutescens	Pyrolysis	–	18.8%	1.7%	140
Sugar bagasse	CaCl₂	Urea	7.0%	5.6%	141
Cotton fabric	Air	Melamine	7.1%	6.9%	142

[1]	陈帅, 余创, 罗启悦, 魏超超, 李莉萍, 李广社, 程时杰, 谢佳. 卤化物固态电解质研究进展[J]. 物理化学学报, 2023, 39(8): 2210032 -0 .
[2]	彭林峰, 余创, 魏超超, 廖聪, 陈帅, 张隆, 程时杰, 谢佳. 锂硫银锗矿固态电解质研究进展[J]. 物理化学学报, 2023, 39(7): 2211034 -0 .
[3]	傅焰鹏, 朱昌宝. 钠离子电池电极材料的设计策略——固态离子学视角[J]. 物理化学学报, 2023, 39(3): 2209002 -0 .
[4]	齐亚娥, 夏永姚. 电解液调控策略提升水系锌离子电池正极材料电化学性能[J]. 物理化学学报, 2023, 39(2): 2205045 -0 .
[5]	莫英, 肖逵逵, 吴剑芳, 刘辉, 胡爱平, 高鹏, 刘继磊. 锂离子电池隔膜的功能化改性及表征技术[J]. 物理化学学报, 2022, 38(6): 2107030 - .
[6]	薄拯, 孔竞, 杨化超, 郑周威, 陈鹏鹏, 严建华, 岑可法. 基于混合溶剂有机电解液的超低温孔洞石墨烯超级电容[J]. 物理化学学报, 2022, 38(4): 2005054 - .
[7]	姜美慧, 盛利志, 王超, 江丽丽, 范壮军. 超级电容器用石墨烯薄膜：制备、基元结构及表面调控[J]. 物理化学学报, 2022, 38(2): 2012085 - .
[8]	李慧, 刘双宇, 袁天赐, 王博, 盛鹏, 徐丽, 赵广耀, 白会涛, 陈新, 陈重学, 曹余良. NaOH浓度对Na_0.44MnO₂储钠性能的影响[J]. 物理化学学报, 2021, 37(3): 1907049 - .
[9]	王玖,吴南石,刘涛,曹少文,余家国. 用于超级电容器的锰钴氧化物/碳纤维材料[J]. 物理化学学报, 2020, 36(7): 1907072 - .
[10]	佟永丽, 戴美珍, 邢磊, 刘恒岐, 孙婉婷, 武祥. 基于NiCo₂O₄纳米片电极的非对称混合电容器[J]. 物理化学学报, 2020, 36(7): 1903046 - .
[11]	曹鑫鑫,周江,潘安强,梁叔全. 钠离子电池磷酸盐正极材料研究进展[J]. 物理化学学报, 2020, 36(5): 1905018 - .
[12]	朱家瑶, 董玥, 张苏, 范壮军. 炭-/石墨烯量子点在超级电容器中的应用[J]. 物理化学学报, 2020, 36(2): 1903052 - .
[13]	王易,霍旺晨,袁小亚,张育新. 二氧化锰与二维材料复合应用于超级电容器[J]. 物理化学学报, 2020, 36(2): 1904007 - .
[14]	魏风,毕宏晖,焦帅,何孝军. 超级电容器用相互连接的类石墨烯纳米片[J]. 物理化学学报, 2020, 36(2): 1903043 - .
[15]	田地,卢晓峰,李闱墨,李悦,王策. 静电纺纳米纤维基超级电容器无粘合剂电极材料的研究进展[J]. 物理化学学报, 2020, 36(2): 1904056 - .

植物基多孔炭材料在超级电容器中的应用

Application of Plant-Based Porous Carbon for Supercapacitors

RichHTML

PDF

赞

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 15

参考文献 155

相关文章 15

Metrics

推荐阅读 0