Table 1

DOE technical targets for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell components 9."

Table 2

Synthesis methods of Pt based intergeneric compounds in recent years."

Fig 1

Elemental mapping images showing the distribution of Pt and Bi after reacting at 150 ℃ for (a) 1 min, (b) 10 min, (c) 18 min, (d) 45 min 32. Adapted from Springer Nature publisher."

Fig 2

Illustration of common alloy structures and their corresponding intermetallic structures 16. Adapted from American Chemical Society publisher."

Fig 3

Synthetic scheme and characterization of the PtZn intermetallic nanoparticles. (a) Synthetic strategy of PtZn intermetallic nanoparticles supported on hollow nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (PtZn/HNCNT). (b–d) TEM (b) HAADF-STEM (c), and AC-HAADF-STEM (d) images of PtZn/HNCNT. Scale bar, 500 nm (b); 200 nm (c); 10 nm (d). (e) Crystal structure of PtZn intermetallic compound (IMC) (Pt: red; Zn: green). (f, g) AC-HAADF-STEM (f) image and elemental mappings (g) of a PtZn IMC nanoparticle. Scale bar, 1 nm 56. Adapted from Nature Publishing Group publisher."

Fig 4

Schematic diagram of CVD."

Table 3

Electrochemical performance of platinum-based intermetallic catalyst for various electrocatalytic reactions in recent years."

Fig 5

(a) AC-HAADF-STEM image of Pt/Ti3C2Tx-550, (b) specific activity of the Pt/Vulcan and Pt/Ti3C2Tx catalysts for HER 61. Adapted from American Chemical Society publisher."

Fig 6

DFT calculations of oxygen adsorption energyy 43. (A) Atomic models of the Pt (110) surface. Three stable adsorption sites for oxygen: hollow ("h") and two bridge sites ("b1" and "b2"). The blue and green spheres represent Pt and O atoms, respectively. (B to D) On the Pt (110) surface, ΔEO as a function of biaxial strain in [110] and [001] directions for the "h" site (B) and the "b1" site (C), and the "b2" site is plotted in (D). The optimal ΔEO value is set to be 0. ΔEO value falling into the shaded region implies a higher ORR activity than that on the flat Pt (111) surface 43. Adapted from the American Association for the Advancement of Science publisher."

Fig 7

(a) Specific activity and mass activity of PdCu B2@Pt-Cu and Pt-Cu (b) AC-HAADF-STEM images of PdCu B2@Pt-Cu 20. Adapted from American Chemical Society publisher. "

Fig 8

(a) HAADF-STEM images of PtZn intermetallic NPs, scale bar, 1 nm, and (b) calculated reaction mechanisms of MOR process on different crystal plane 31. Adapted from American Chemical Society publisher."

Fig 9

Free binding energies of *CHO or *COH are plotted against the corresponding energies for *CO 17. The green and blue triangles represent data points for intermetallic surfaces that bind and do not bind CO, respectively. The red circle stands for Cu(111). The red and green lines are linear fits to data for the intermetallic compounds and pure transition metals, respectively. The overpotential is given by the vertical distance of each point from the diagonal 17. Adapted from American Chemical Society publisher."

Fig 10

(a) Structures of {100}-terminated Cu3B-A@CuM alloy models used in this study. (b) the parity plot shows a comparison of the CO adsorption energies on the Cu3X-Ni@CuML and the Cu3X-Rh@CuML alloys (X: transition metal atoms) calculated using the machine-learning model with the geometry-based primary features and the self-consistent DFT 119. A few alloys including Cu3Y-Ni @ CuML, Cu3Sc-Ni @ CuML, Cu3Ti-Rh @ CuML, Cu3V-Rh @ CuML and Cu3Mo-Rh @ CuML are identified to have desired CO adsorption energies within the shaded region. The inset (b) shows the geometric structure of the model system. The deviation of the RMSE from 16 random sampling is < 0.02 eV 119. Adapted from Elsevier publisher."