Fig 1

Carbonene fibers for dye-sensitized solar cells. (a) Diagram of the production and transportation of photoelectrons in a composite fiber. (b) J–V curve of a solar cell under simulated 100 mW∙cm?2 illumination. Adapted with permission from Ref. 43. Copyright 2011, Wiley-VCH. (c) Schematic illustration of a wire-shaped DSSCs fabricated from two CNT fibers. Adapted with permission from Ref. 44. Copyright 2012, American Chemical Society. (d) Illustration of the preparation processes of Pt adsorbed hybrid yarns and as counter electrodes for fiber solar cells. Adapted with permission from Ref. 45. Copyright 2012, American Chemical Society. (e) Schematic illustration of wire shaped DSSCs based on PEDOT: PSS/CNT fiber. (f) J–V curves of wire structure solar cell with different counter electrodes under AM 1.5 illumination. Adapted with permission from Ref. 46. Copyright 2016, IOP Publishing. (g) Schematic illustration of a fiber-shaped dye-sensitized solar cell using the graphene fiber as the counter electrode. Adapted with permission from Ref. 50. Copyright 2015, Wiley-VCH. (h) Dye-sensitized photovoltaic wire prepared by using a graphene/Pt composite fiber as the counter electrode and a Ti wire impregnated with TiO2 nanotubes as the working electrode. Adapted with permission from Ref. 51. Copyright 2013, Wiley-VCH. (i) Schematic illustration to the structure of the graphene/CNT composite fiber. (j) Photograph of the photovoltaic textile attached onto a flexible coat. Adapted with permission from Ref. 34. Copyright 2014, Wiley-VCH."

Fig 2

Carbonene fibers for moisture-triggered actuators. (a) Fabrication of asymmetric G/GO fiber with laser reduction. (b) SEM image of the as-prepared asymmetric G/GO fiber. (c) Bending behaviors of a G/GO fiber exposed to different relative humidities. Adapted with permission from Ref. 58. Copyright 2013, Wiley-VCH. (d) Schematic rotation of a twisted GO fiber (TGF) with a paddle at the low and high humidity. (e) The scheme of alternating current generator based on the humidity-responsive TGFs. Adapted with permission from Ref. 59. Copyright 2014, Wiley-VCH. (f) Plasma modification of CNT fiber with hierarchically helical channels responding to water and moisture. Adapted with permission from Ref. 60. Copyright 2015, Wiley-VCH."

Fig 3

Carbonene fibers for MEG. (a) Fabrication process of a graphene fiber-based MEG. (b, c) The design and photograph of graphene fiber-based MEG for wearable electronic label device. Adapted with permission from Ref. 69. Copyright 2017, Elsevier Ltd. (d) Schematic illustration for fabrication of the fiber-based MEG (FHEG). (e)Ten FMEGs connected in series were integrated into textile. Adapted with permission from Ref. 70. Copyright 2017, Elsevier Ltd."

Fig 4

Carbonene fiber for thermoelectric energy harvesting. (a) Schematic illustration for the preparation of the graphene/ PEDOT: PSS hybrid fiber. (b) Schematic illustration for thermoelectric energy harvester based on the graphene/PEDOT: PSS hybrid fiber. Adapted with permission from Ref. 80. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. (c) Schematic and photograph of textile thermoelectric generator based on CNT threads sewn into fabric. (d) The entire device was connected to drive an LED. (e) Output voltage and power as a function of applied ΔT. Adapted with permission from Ref. 81. Copyright 2021, Nature Publishing Group. (f) Schematic description of the inorganic chalcogenide-coated CNT yarn for thermoelectric generator. Adapted with permission from Ref. 82. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society."

Fig 5

Carbonene fibers for electric double layer capacitors. (a) Schematic illustration to both the cross-sectional structure and mechanism for the high electrochemical property of the coaxial fiber. Adapted with permission from Ref. 95. Copyright 2013, Wiley-VCH. (b) The spinning apparatus for the fabrication of continuous SWNT yarns. (c) The long-term cycling stability. Adapted with permission from Ref. 96. Copyright 2014, Wiley-VCH. (d) Schematic illustration of a wire-shaped supercapacitor fabricated from two twined GF@3D-Gs with polyelectrolyte. (e) Cross-section view of a GF@3D-G showing the core GF surrounding with standing graphene sheet. Adapted with permission from Ref. 49. Copyright 2013, Wiley-VCH. (f) Schematic illustration exhibiting the preparation method of GFs and plasma treatment and Specific capacitance of as-prepared GFs and PGFs at different current densities obtained from GCD tests. Adapted with permission from Ref. 103. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. (g) Schematic illustration of fabrication of coaxial fiber. (h) SEM image of two-ply yarn supercapacitors. (i) Performance of the two-ply yarn supercapacitors Adapted with permission from Ref. 37. Copyright 2014, Nature Publishing Group. (j) Schematic description of the fiber activation process and electrochemical performance of fiber supercapacitors. Adapted with permission from Ref. 109. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society."

Fig 6

Carbonene fibers for pseudocapacitors. (a) Schematics of the preparation process for the two-ply yarn supercapacitors. (b) Areal capacitance plots of CNT yarn and CNT@PANI yarn. Adapted with permission from Ref. 114. Copyright 2013, Wiley-VCH. (c) Schematic illustration to the fabrication of fiber-shaped asymmetric supercapacitor. Adapted with permission from Ref. 115. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. (d) Core-sheath porous polyaniline nanorods/graphene fiber-shaped supercapacitors with high specific capacitance and rate capability. Adapted with permission from Ref. 116. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (e) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of WN-rGO hybrid fibers. Adapted with permission from Ref. 117. Copyright 2020, The Royal Society of Chemistry. (f) Schematic of the experimental setup for the continuous fabrication of supercapacitor fiber and corresponding SEM images. Adapted with permission from Ref. 118. Copyright 2015, Wiley-VCH."

Fig 7

CNT fibers for lithium-ion batteries. (a) Structure of the fiber-shaped LIBs with MWCNT/LTO and MWCNT/LMO composite yarns as the anode and cathode, respectively. (b) Galvanostatic charge and discharge curves before and after bending for 500 and 1000 cycles at 0.05 mA. Adapted with permission from Ref. 129. Copyright 2014, Wiley-VCH. (c–e) SEM images of a springlike fiber at different magnifications. (f) SEM images of a fiber at different strains 0%, 50%, and 100%. Adapted with permission from Ref. 130. Copyright 2014, Wiley-VCH. (g) Schematic illustration for fabrication of coaxial fiber LIBs. Red, blue, and yellow colors correspond to cotton fiber, CNT/LMO composite yarn, and CNT-Si/CNT composite yarn, respectively. (h) Voltage profiles of the fiber-shaped LIB at 1C between 2.0 and 4.3 V. (i) Long-life performance of the fiber-shaped LIBs. (j) Photograph of a fiber-shaped LIB to drive a light emission diode. (k) Fiber-shaped full LIBs being woven into a textile. Adapted with permission from Ref. 131. Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society."

Fig 8

Graphene fibers for lithium-ion batteries. (a) Schematic diagrams of the fabrication process for titania/rGO hybrid fiber. (b) A 30 cm LIB lighting up 6 LED lamps during bending and recovery. Adapted with permission from Ref. 132. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. (c) Schematic illustration of the manufacturing steps for fibrous electrodes and assembly process of the LIB. (d) Cycling performance of the quasi-solid-state LIB at straight, bending and twisting states. (e) Photographs of the integration for fibrous electrodes and lighting a LED segment display in a sweater. Adapted with permission from Ref. 134. Copyright 2018, Elsevier Ltd."

Fig 9

Carbonene fibers for fiber-based metal-air batteries. (a, b) Schematic illustration to the structure and working mechanism of a fiber-based Li-air battery. (c) Cycling performance of the fiber-based Li-air battery. Adapted with permission from Ref. 137. Copyright 2017, Wiley-VCH. (d) Schematic illustration to the fabrication process of a flexible fiber-shaped Zn-air battery. Adapted with permission from Ref. 138. Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH. (e) Fabrication of the fiber-shaped Al-air battery. Adapted with permission from Ref. 139. Copyright 2016, Wiley-VCH."

Fig 10

Carbonene fibers for fiber-shaped aqueous ion batteries. (a) Schematic illustration of fiber aqueous lithium-ion battery. (b) Comparison of energy and power densities with previous energy storage systems. Adapted with permission from Ref. 147. Copyright 2016, the Royal Society of Chemistry. (c) Fabrication process of the fiber aqueous Zn-ion battery. (d) Photograph of a blue LED illuminated by the charged energy textile consisting of aqueous Zn-ion fiber battery. Adapted with permission from Ref. 150. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (e) Schematic illustration of the structure of fiber-shaped aqueous Na-ion battery. (f) Capacity stability of the fiber-shaped aqueous Na-ion battery. Adapted with permission from Ref. 153. Copyright 2017, Elsevier Ltd."

Fig 11

Carbonene fibers for other electrochemical fiber-based batteries. (a) Schematic illustration of wet-spinning process of rGO/CNT/S gel fibers. (b) A 4 m long GO/CNT/S fiber wound on a glass cylinder. (c) Schematic of cable LSB and cross-sectional view of cable LSB components. Adapted with permission from Ref. 154. Copyright 2017, Wiley-VCH. (d) Schematic of the preparation process of a Zn-MnO2 cable battery based on MnO2@CNT fiber cathode and Zn wire anode. Adapted with permission from Ref. 155. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. (e) Schematic diagram of preparing the rGO/Bi/CNT anode. (f) Schematic diagram of the working mechanism of the fiber-shaped Ni//Bi full battery. (g) Ragone plots by comparing the fiber-shaped Ni//Bi full battery with the other energy storage devices. Adapted with permission from Ref. 157. Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH."