Fig 1

(a) The annual distribution of papers related to presodiation in the core journals of Web of Science from 2016 to October 2022, and search strategy by subject: "Presodiation"; (b) classification of various presodiation technologies."

Fig 2

(a) Schematic illustration of the direct-contact method; (b) comparison of the electrochemical performance of HC as an anode before and after presodiation; galvanostatic charge and discharge profiles of the Na0.67Fe0.5Mn0.5O2 electrode (c) before and (d) after presodiation 19. Adapted with permission from Ref. 19, Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society."

Fig 3

(a) Schematic illustration of the electrochemical presodiation method 23; (b, c) electrochemical characteristic of hard carbon anode with different sodiation degrees 24; (d) the effect of the different preparation steps (electrochemical presodiation and Al2O3 artificial SEI coating) on the sodiation mechanism of soft carbon 25; (e) the chronopotentiometry curves based on three-electrode tests of HC||Na4V2(PO4)3 full cell 31. (a) Adapted from Ref. 23, Copyright 2015, Royal Society of Chemistry; (b, c) Adapted from Ref. 24, Copyright 2021, Elsevier Inc.; (d) Adapted from Ref. 25, Copyright 2021, Elsevier Inc; (e) Adapted from Ref. 31, Copyright 2020, Royal Society of Chemistry."

Fig 4

(a) Schematic illustration of the preparation and application procedure of sodium powder 32; (b) preparation of Na-Sn alloy, (c) initial charge-discharge curves of the pure Sn and Na-Sn alloy, (d, e) differential electrochemical mass spectrometry result of Sn||Na3V2(PO4)2F3 full cell and Na-Sn||Na3V2(PO4)2F3 full cell 34; (f, g) electrochemical performance of HC||Na3V2(PO4)3 full cell before and after pretreatment by SLMP 37. (a) Adapted from Ref. 32, Copyright 2018, Elsevier Inc.; (b–e) Adapted with permission from Ref. 34, Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society; (f, g) Adapted from Ref. 37, Copyright 2018, John Wiley and Sons."

Fig 5

Illustration of the chemical presodiation process by spraying the Na-Naph/THF solution 41. Adapted from Ref. 41, Copyright 2019, John Wiley and Sons."

Fig 6

(a) Illustration of the chemical presodiation of Sb/C electrode; electrochemical performance of Sb/C before and after presodiation: (b) initial charge-discharge curves; (c) rate performance; (d) cycling performance 43. Adapted with permission from Ref. 43, Copyright 2021, Royal Society of Chemistry"

Table 1

Comparisions of different anodes before and after chemical presodiation."

Fig 7

Schematic illustration of the use of cathode additives for presodiation 18. Adapted from Ref. 18, Copyright 2021, Royal Society of Chemistry."

Table 2

Comparisons of the key parameters of various cathode presodiation additives."

Fig 8

(a) Effect of different content of NaN3 on the initial charge-discharge curve of the full cell 47; (b) schematic illustration of preparing the electrode through spraying Na2O2-containing ACN slurry 48; (c) Half-cell voltage curves of the Sb/C composite anode and the cathode with a blend of 90% NaCrO2 and 10% Na2NiO2 54; (d) schematic illustration of the electrochemical evolution for the traditional additives and the Na2S/C additive 57. (a) Adapted from Ref. 47, Copyright 2017, Elsevier Inc.; (b) Adapted with permission from Ref. 48, Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society; (c) Adapted with permission from Ref. 54, Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society; (d, e) Adapted with permission from Ref. 57, Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society."

Fig 9

(a) Scheme of the desodiation of Na2C6O6 58; (b) illustration of the presodiation mechanism of CH3COONa 60; (c) initial charge-discharge curves of Na2C4O4 64; (d) effect of different conductive additives on electrochemical oxidation potential of Na2C2O4 68. (a) Adapted from Ref. 58, Copyright 2020, John Wiley and Sons; (b) Adapted from Ref. 60, Copyright 2021, John Wiley and Sons; (c) Adapted from Ref. 64, Copyright 2018, John Wiley and Sons; (d) Adapted from Ref. 68, Copyright 2020, John Wiley and Sons."