Fig 1

(a) Schematic diagram of interaction between photoelectrons and sample surface; (b) Photoelectron collection rate as a function of gas-phase thickness for two pressures 11. (b) Adapted with permission from Ref. 11, Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society."

Fig 2

Schematic diagram of NAP-XPS apparatus. (a) General design of NAP-XPS; (b) Differential pump system without electrostatic lenses; (c) Differential pump system with electrostatic lenses."

Fig 3

(a) Historical development of NAP-XPS; (b) Cumulative number of NAP-XPS-related publications."

Fig 4

(a) O 1s and C 1s NAP-XPS spectra of Cu(111) samples 36; (b) The ratio of surface Cu2O according to the relative intensity between O 1s and Cu 2p XPS (the rest is metallic Cu) 36; (c) Real active phase of CO oxidation of Cu(111) at different O2/CO ratios 36; (d) Schematic diagram of methanol oxidation over Pt-Re bimetallic catalyst 37. (a–c) Adapted with permission from Ref. 36, Copyright 2015 American Chemical Society; (d) Adapted with permission from Ref. 37, Copyright 2015 American Chemical Society."

Fig 5

(a) Schematic diagram of SOFC with planar geometry 31; (b) Schematic diagram of SOFC with stacked geometry 41; (c) NAP-XPS spectra and compositional ratio of Ni to Ce at different atmospheric pressures 53. (a) Adapted with permission from Ref. 31, Copyright 2014 Royal Society of Chemistry; (b) Adapted with permission from Ref. 41, Copyright 2020 Springer Nature; (c) Adapted with permission from Ref. 53, Copyright 2013 John Wiley and Sons."

Fig 6

(a) NAP-XPS Cr 2p spectra corresponding to the surfaces under sequential treatments 57; (b) NAP-XPS results of Ag 3d spectra and Ag MNN Auger spectra of Ag/Si3N4 under in situ experimental conditions 59; (c) NAP-XPS results of the 2 wt% (Pt1-Ptn)/α-MoC catalyst under sequential treatments 60. (a) Adapted from United States National Academy of Sciences publisher; (b) Adapted with permission from Ref. 59, Copyright 2021 Springer Nature; (c) Adapted with permission from Ref. 60, Copyright 2021 Springer Nature."

Fig 7

(a) Schematic diagram showing the use of in situ NAP-XPS to study Li-O2 batteries 62; (b) Schematic diagram of the Na-O2 battery structure and a photograph of the battery measured in the NAP-XPS analysis 52; (c) in situ NAP-XPS experiments on substitution of F functional groups with oxygen-containing functional groups 64; (d) C 1s NAP-XPS spectra of PtCo/TiO2 and PtCo/CeO2 under CO2 (100 mTorr) and H2 (600 mTorr) 65; (e) Schematic diagram of soot-oxidation mechanism on cerium-based catalysts 24. (a) Adapted with permission from Ref. 62, Copyright 2018 Springer Nature; (b) Adapted with permission from Ref. 52, Copyright 2018 Springer Nature; (c) Adapted from American Chemical Society publisher; (d) Adapted with permission from Ref. 65, Copyright 2016 John Wiley and Sons; (e) Adapted with permission from Ref. 24, Copyright 2016 John Wiley and Sons."

Fig 8

(a) Schematic diagram of in situ NAP-XPS study of NiFeOOH WE and O 1s NAP-XPS spectra 76; (b) Surface chemistry and structure evolution of platinum over time under oxygen evolution 77; (c) Schematic diagram of in situ NAP-XPS study of cobalt metal electrodes and Co 2p NAP-XPS spectra 78. (a) Adapted with permission from Ref. 76, Copyright 2016 American Chemical Society; (b) Adapted with permission from Ref. 77, Copyright 2017 Royal Society of Chemistry; (c) Adapted with permission from Ref. 78, Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society."

Fig 9

(a) Schematic diagram of Si membrane and micro-volume in situ XPS cell 80; (b) Pt 4f with potential holding at 0 and 1.2 V during the XPS measurement 16; (c) NAP-XPS peak positions of O 1s and Ti 2p3/2 signals for liquid water and TiO2 as a function of the potential 86; (d) Measurement of NAP-XPS at the hematite-KOH interface 87. (a) Adapted with permission from Ref. 80, Copyright 2013 AIP Publishing; (b) Adapted with permission from Ref. 16, Copyright 2015 Springer Nature; (c) Adapted with permission from Ref. 86, Copyright 2015 Royal Society of Chemistry; (d) Adapted with permission from Ref. 87, Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society."

Fig 10

(a) Schematic side view NAP-XPS studies of the solid-liquid interface on a lithium substrate 90; (b) NAP-XAS data for several electrical biases applied to a VOx/YSZ/Pt electrochemical cell 93; (c) Schematic diagram of three-electrode electrochemistry setup in NAP-XPS end station after the dip and pull procedure in diglyme solvent 98; (d) NAP-XPS data of core level Mg 1s, O 1s, and C 1s collected on the Mg surface before and after the introduction of diglyme solvent 98. (a) Adapted with permission from Ref. 90, Copyright 2019 Springer Nature; (b) Adapted with permission from Ref. 93, Copyright 2018 John Wiley and Sons; (c)–(d) Adapted with permission from Ref. 98, Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society."

Fig 11

(a) Schematic diagram of EDL probing using a gold polycrystalline working electrode in 0.4  mmol·L−1 KOH aqueous solution 101; (b, c) Representative intensity-normalized N 1s and O 1s core-level NAP-XPS peaks acquired at different applied potentials 101; (d) Si 2p photoelectron spectra as a function of NaCl concentration 103; (e) Normalized Stern-layer thickness as a function of NaCl concentration 103. (a–c) Adapted with permission from Ref. 101, Copyright 2016 Springer Nature; (d–e) Adapted with permission from Ref. 103, Copyright 2016 John Wiley and Sons."