Scheme 1

Electrooxidation pathways of glycerol on various noble catalysts mainly in alkaline media (red words are uncertain routes on specific catalysts), color online 3."

Fig 1

(a) Potential dependent FTIR spectra for (1) unmodified Pt electrode and (2) Bi-modified Pt electrode in 0.01 mol∙L−1 HClO4 + 0.1 mol∙L−1 glycerol 15. (b) Schematic illustration of the glycerol oxidation on pure Pt and Bi-modified Pt 15. (c) Infrared spectra recorded each 0.05 V for the electrooxidation 0.1 mol∙L−1 glycerol in 0.1 mol∙L−1 NaOH on the different Pd-NP electrodes 25. (d) Linear voltammograms of glycerol oxidation catalyzed on different AuPt and Au & Pt electrodes in 0.5 mol∙L−1 glycerol & 1 mol∙L−1 KOH solution 26. (e) Linear voltammograms of glycerol oxidation catalyzed by AuPt (15% Ptsurf) in 0.5 mol∙L−1 glycerol in KOH 26. (f) 1H and (g) 13C NMR spectra of the electrolyte solution after 12 h glycerol oxidation on AuPt (15% Ptsurf) in 0.5 mol∙L−1 glycerol & 1 mol∙L−1 KOH solution at 1.05 V vs. RHE 26."

Scheme 2

Glycerol reaction pathways over Pt (Pathway A) and PtBi (Pathway B) catalysts 15."

Scheme 3

Electrocatalytic pathways for the glycerol oxidation toward Pd-NP (Pathway A) and Bi-modified Pd-NP (Pathway B) catalysts 25."

Scheme4

Reaction mechanism of glycerol oxidation over AuPt catalyst 26."

Scheme 5

Mechanism for the (a) indirect oxidation and (b) PD oxidation on NiOOH electrodes 27, 29."

Fig 2

(a) XRD pattern of Ni-Mo-N/CFC 30. (b) Scheme of the glycerol oxidation pathway and the correlation between product selectivity and the Hammett parameters. (c) LSV curves of different MCo2O4 grown on carbon fiber paper and bare carbon fiber paper in the presence (solid lines) or absence (dash-dotted lines) of 0.1 mol∙L−1 glycerol 33. (d) Intrinsic GOR catalytic activities on different MCo2O4 catalysts in 0.1 mol∙L−1 KOH solution with 0.1 mol∙L−1 glycerol after ECSA normalization 33. (e) Intrinsic GOR catalytic activities on different MCo2O4 catalysts 33. (f) Reaction free-energy diagram of OER (LOM) and glycerol oxidation to GLAD 34."

Scheme 6

Proposed mechanism of glycerol electrooxidation on Ni–Mo–N/CFC electrode 30."

Scheme 7

Possible electrooxidation pathways for the glycerol to OA on Ni-phen catalysts 31."

Scheme 8

Proposed reaction pathway of GOR over the CuCo2O4 electrocatalysts 33."

Scheme 9

Proposed reaction mechanism for the electrooxidation of KA oil on Ni(OH)2-SDS catalyst 46."

Fig 3

(a) Mass spectra of cyclohexanone in the isotope-labeled electrolyte 46. (b) I–t curves of Ni(OH)2-SDS and Ni(OH)2 at different potentials (V vs. RHE) in normal pulse voltammetry 46. In situ IRRAS spectra of the cyclohexanol oxidation products under 1.47 V vs. RHE with (c) Ni(OH)2, (d) 2% Cu-Ni(OH)2 and (e) 2% Cu-Ni(OH)2 + 4-Carboxy-TEMPO in the electrolyte at a time resolution of 30 s 42. (f) The comparison of the in situ IRRAS spectra at the third scan (90 s) 42."

Scheme 10

Proposed electrooxidation mechanism of cyclohexanol to adipic acid on Fe-Mn/Mn2O3 membrane electrode 45."

Scheme 11

Possible oxidation mechanism of cyclohexanol to adipic acid 48."

Fig 4

(a) Proposed mechanism of Pt1/N-CNTs-catalyzed conversion of 2-phenoxy-1-phenylethanol 79. (b) Potential energy surface for 2-phenoxy-1-phenylethanol conversion on Pt1/N-CNTs catalyst 79. (c) Free energy diagram for electrocatalytic oxidation of c1 over MnCoOOH catalyst 21."

Scheme 12

Proposed electrooxidation pathway of lignin over hp-Ni catalyst 80."

Scheme 13

Proposed electrooxidation pathway of the lignin derivative 1-phenylethanol on MnCoOOH/NF 21."

Scheme 14

Proposed oxidation pathway of furfural oxidation on CuS catalyst 86."

Scheme 15

Electrooxidation mechanism of furfural in acidic solution over Pt catalyst 95."

Fig 5

Selectivity and partial currents toward significant products of the electro-oxidation of (a, c) 100 mmol∙L−1 furfural and (b, d) 100 m mol∙L−1 FA on Pt/C electrode 95. Conversion of furfural and yield of oxidation products obtained using (e) PbO2, (f) MnO2 and (g) Pt anodes at 2.0, 1.8 and 2.2 V vs. RHE, respectively, during electrochemical oxidation of 10 mmol∙L−1 furfural over various charge 96."

Table 1

Summary of electrocatalysts for biomass-derived organic molecules."