Fig 1

Schematic comparison of conventional plastic upgrading routes, including (a) direct catalytic hydrogenolysis and (b) pyrolysis. (c) Proposed tandem upcycling strategy integrating hydropyrolysis with downstream vapour-phase hydrogenation in a fixed-bed reactor. Figure adapted with permission from Ref. [5], Copyright 2026, Springer Nature."

Fig 2

(a) Tandem upcycling of mixed plastic waste. (b) Time-on-stream stability of RuSA@CoAlOx in a bench-scale continuous fixed-bed reactor using PS pyrolysis oil. (c) Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of the tandem upcycling process on a per-MJ-of-jet-fuel basis. (d) Techno-economic analysis of the minimum fuel selling price across selected cities, dashed lines indicate benchmark prices for conventional jet fuel and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). Shanghai-GH denotes the scenario using grey hydrogen as the hydrogen source. Figure adapted with permission from Ref. [8], Copyright 2026, Springer Nature."