Fig 1

(a) Schematic illustration of the merits of 3D array; (b) Comparison of theoretical capacities and average potential of various SIBs anode materials."

Fig 2

(a) Schematic illustration of the preparation process and reaction mechanism of Bi/Ni 30; (b) SEM image of Bi/Ni 30; (c) Rate performance of the Bi/Ni electrode 30; (d) SEM images of Sb prism arrays 31; (e) Rate performance and (f) cycling performance of Sb prism array electrodes annealed at different temperatures 31; (g) Schematic illustration of the synthetic process for Co-Ge nanowire arrays 32; (h) Cycling performance of Co-Ge array and planar Ge at 0.2C 32."

Fig 3

(a) Rate performance and (c) cycling performance at 10C of TiO2 and P-TiO2 nanotube arrays 34; (c) In situ XRD and (d–i) In situ TEM of P-TiO2 electrode during the charge-discharge process 34; (j) SEM images of S-TiO2 nanotube array 35; (k) Schematic illustration of the fiber-shaped SIB 35; (l) Cycling performances of the fiber-shaped SIB under different bending states 35."

Fig 4

SEM images of (a) Ar-Fe2O3 and (b) S-Fe2O3 nanotube array 42; (c) SEM section view and (d) HRTEM images of S-Fe2O3 42; (e) TEM image and element mappings of Fe, O and S of S-Fe2O3 42; (f) Rate performance comparison of S-Fe2O3 and Ar-Fe2O3 42; (g) Cycling performance of S-Fe2O3 at 5 A·g-1 42; (h) Schematic illustration of the fabrication process of N-Fe2O3-x/CC nanorod arrays 43; (i) Rate performance comparison of N-Fe2O3-x/CC and A-Fe2O3/CC 43."

Fig 5

(a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication process of R-CuO nanowire array 46; (b) SEM, (c) TEM and (d) HRTEM images of R-CuO 46; (e) Galvanostatic charge-discharge profiles and (f) cycling performance of R-CuO 46; (g) SEM and (h)TEM images of NC-CuO nanorod array 47; (i) Schematic illustration of the working mechanism of NC-CuO array 47."

Fig 6

(a) Schematic illustration of the structural design and the fabrication process of Co3O4 NPA/rGO/NF 51; (b) SEM and (c) cross-sectional SEM images of Co3O4 NPA/rGO/NF51; (d) Rate performance and (e) cycling performance of Co3O4 NPA/rGO/NF 51; (f) SEM image of ZnO-Co3O4@CC nanosheet array 52; (g) Rate performance of ZnO-Co3O4@CC at different current densities 52; (h) Cycling performance of ZnO-Co3O4@CC at 0.5 and 1 A·g-1 52."

Fig 7

(a) SEM, (b) HRSEM and (c) TEM images of CC@CN@MoS2 nanowall array 57; (d) Galvanostatic charge-discharge profiles of CC@CN, CN@MoS2 and CC@CN@MoS257; (e) Rate performance and (f) cycling performance of CC@CN and CC@CN@MoS2 57; (g) SEM and (h) HRTEM images of Fe2O3@C@MoS2/CFC nanosheet array 59; (i) Schematic illustration of the electronic pathways and ionic channels in Fe2O3@C@MoS2/CFC59."

Fig 8

(a) SEM, (b)high-magnification SEM and (c) HRTEM images of NiCo2S4@MoS2 nanoflake array 60; (d) Rate performance and (e) cycling performance of NiCo2S4@MoS260; (f) SEM and (g) TEM images of hollow 1T-MoS2/CC array 61; (h) Rate performance of 1T-MoS2/CC and 2H-MoS2/CC 61."

Fig 9

(a) SEM image of SnS2/CC nanosheet array 64; (b) Rate performance of SnS2/CC and SnS2 64; (c) Cycling performance of SnS2/CC at 2 A·g-1 64; (d) Schematic illustration of the fabrication process of TiO2@SnS2@N-C nanosheet array 67; (e, f) SEM and (g) HRTEM images of TiO2@SnS2@N-C67; (h) Schematic illustration of the fabrication process of SnS/SnS2@CC 68; (i) Cycling performance at 1 A·g-1 of SnS/SnS2@CC 68; (j) Schematic illustration of the fabrication process of NGQDs-WS2/3DCF nanosheet array 70; (k) Cycling performance of NGQDs-WS2/3DCF, WS2/3DCF and 3DCF at 200 mA·g-170."

Fig 10

(a) SEM, (b) TEM and (c) HRTEM images of CoP@PPy NWs/CP 74; (d) Cycling performance of CoP@PPy NWs/CP electrode at 1.5 mA·cm-2 74; (e) SEM image and (f) cycling performance at 0.2 A·g-1 of Ni2P Ns/CC 75; (g) SEM images and (h) cycling performance at 0.2 A·g-1 of FeP NAs/CC array 76; (i) Schematic illustration of the fabrication and sodiation/ desodiation process of CPNWs array 78; (j) SEM, (k) FESEM, (l) STEM and elemental mapping images of CPNWs array 78; (m) Rate performance of CPNWs 78; Cycling performance of CPNWs at (n) 500 mA·g-1 and (o) 1000 mA·g-1 78."

Fig 11

SEM images of (a) CTs, (b) Na2Ti3O7 /CTs and (c) Na2Ti3O7@N-GQDs/CTs 82; (d) Rate performance and (e) cycling performance of Na2Ti3O7@N-GQDs/CTs-20 and Na2Ti3O7/CTs electrodes 82; (f) The optical images of one small motor and two LED lights of remote-controlled model planes power by a normal state and crimped state full cell 82; (g) SEM image of Na2Ti2O5@Ti nanosheet array 84; (h) Galvanostatic charge-discharge profiles of the Na2Ti2O5@Ti electrode at 0.12C with ether electrolyte (inset: with ester electrolyte) 84; HRTEM images of the fully discharged Na2Ti2O5 nanosheets with (i) ether and (j) ester electrolytes 84; (k) Rate performance and (l) cycling performance of Na2Ti2O5@Ti with ether and ester electrolytes 84."

Table 1

Comparison of synthesis methods, substrates, mass loading and electrochemical performance of different array anode materials."