Fig 1

(a) Schematic diagram of bacterial cells; (b) schematic diagram of cell metabolism. Adapted from Wiley publisher 12, 14."

Fig 2

Scheme of electrocatalyst for microbial synthesis. Adapted from ACS Publications publisher 18."

Fig 3

(a) Taking GOC@NPBC as the composite material synthesis process diagram; (b) the formation mechanism of DPARH; (c) in situ preparation of Co2P-Co3P4/RGO/C; (d) synthesis of Geobacter/RGO complex. (a) Adapted from American Chemical Society 30. (b) Adapted from American Association for the Advancement of Science 31. (c) Adapted from Royal Society of Chemistry publisher 32. (d) Adapted from Elsevier publisher 33."

Fig 4

(a) Schematic diagram of synthetic method of porous biomass derived carbon sponge and three-dimensional mixed foam; (b) schematic diagram of Aspergillus Niger cell bioleaching and MS/NCF synthesis; (c) Co-Co2P@NPC/rGO composite image; (d) Ru-Ru2PΦNPC and NPC@RuO2 composite scheme. (a) Adapted from Royal Society of Chemistry publisher 35. (b) Adapted from American Chemical Society 36. (c, d) Adapted from Wiley publisher [37.38]."

Fig 5

(a) Synthesis process of HPSCA; (b) schematic diagram of conversion of diatoms to carbon-based silicon nanoparticles; (c) schematic diagram of preparation of layered porous carbon; (d) synthesis of three algal biomass carbon doped with cobalt. (a) Adapted from Elsevier publisher 44. (b) Adapted from Royal Society of Chemistry publisher 45. (c) Adapted from Wiley publisher 46. (d) Adapted from Molecular Diversity Preservation International 47."

Fig 6

(a) Synthesis steps of metal nanoparticles/M13 virus template manganese oxide nanowires; (b) synthesis of multi-component transition metal (Co, Mn) oxide nanowires mediated by M13 virus; (c) PD-TMV polyethylene glycol-based microspheres were prepared by template method; (d) M13 phage mediated synthesis of Pt-Ni (OH)2 nanowires. (a) Adapted from Nature Publishing Group 49. (b, c) Adapted from American Chemical Society 50, 53. (d) Adapted from Elsevier publisher 52."

Fig 7

(a) SEM images of staphylococcus cells and SA900ZC; (b) the LSV polarization curves and (c) the corresponding Tafel plot of the Staphylococcus aureus carbon catalyst with reduced GO and NG; (d) comparison of Tafel slope and overpotential at 10 mA·cm-2 current density between Staphylococcus aureus carbon catalyst and other metal-free HER catalyst; (e) LSV curve of SA900ZC before and after 5000 CV cycle; (f) SEM, TEM and HRTEM images of CO2P-C; (g) Co2P-C and corresponding LSV curves; (h) CO2P-C and corresponding Tafel diagrams; (i) stability of Co2P-C; (j) current density and scanning rate of CO2P-C. (a–e) Adapted from Royal Society of Chemistry publisher 59. (f–j) Adapted from American Chemical Society 60."

Fig 8

(a) SEM and TEM images of Ni(Fe)OOH-FeSx; (b) activation CV curve of Ni(Fe)OH-FeSx; (c) CV curve, (d) polarization curve, (e) Tafel diagram corresponding to different electrodes; (f) SEM and TEM images of Co/DOPA-phages (g) Co/DOPA-phages and corresponding OER cyclic voltammetry curves; (h) Co/DOPA-phages Tafel figure; (i) CV diagram of Co/DOPA-phages at different Ph; (j) diagram of pH versus overpotential. (a–e) Adapted from Nature Publishing Group 64. (f–j) Adapted from Wiley publisher 65."

Fig 9

(a) SEM, TEM and HRTEM images of Fe@BC-800; (b) ORR polarization curves of different samples; (c) Fe@BC-800 ORR polarization curves at different rotating speeds; (d) the Koutecky-Levich graph of Fe@BC-800; (e) the electron transfer number of Fe@BC-800, P and Pt/C; (f) SEM, TEM and HRTEM images of Fe2P@BC; (g) Fe2P@BC and corresponding ORR polarization curves; (h) Fe2P@BC ORR polarization curves at different rotating speeds; (i) Fe2P @BC Koutecky-Levich figure; (j) number of electron transfers for all samples; (k) Fe2P@BC long-term stability and (l) methanol tolerance. (a–l) Adapted from Elsevier publisher 72, 74."

Fig 10

(a) Schematic diagram of silver nanoring synthesized by pyrotechnic wild virus; (b) local and global TEM images of Ag NPs; (c) CO2 reduction cathode LSV results; (d) Faraday efficiency (FEs) of CO at different application potentials; (e) Co-FEs at fixed potential of -1.028 V; (f) CO partial current density. (a–f) Adapted from Royal Society of Chemistry publisher 89."

Fig 11

(a) SEM image of carbonaceous rGO/ Escherichia coli; (b) carbonaceous rGO/ Escherichia coli CV curve; (c) constant current charge-discharge curve of carbonaceous rGO/ Escherichia coli at 0.5C current density; (d) cyclicity and coulombic efficiency of carbonaceous rGO/ Escherichia coli; (e) the difference of rate properties of carbonaceous rGO/ Escherichia coli at different charge amounts; (f) SEM and TEM images of SC/Ni2P/S; (g) SC/Ni2P/S and corresponding Nenquist diagrams; (h) charge/discharge curve at 0.1C; (i) SC/Ni2P/S and corresponding CV curves; (j) SC/Ni2P/S and cyclic stability of the parallel. (a–e) Adapted from Royal Society of Chemistry publisher 103. (f–j) Adapted from Wiley publisher 97."

Fig 12

Application diagram of microorganism "intelligent" guided preparation of electrocatalyst in the field of electrocatalysis."