物理化学学报

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面向宽频微波吸收的氮掺杂三维多孔碳超材料仿生结构与性能匹配

毛新蒙1,2, 霍龙平1, 石章琳1, 吴建锋1,2, Mudasir Ahmad1, 张宝亮1,3   

  1. 1 西北工业大学化学与化工学院, 陕西 西安 710072;
    2 西北工业大学, 西安功能有机多孔材料重点实验室, 陕西 西安 710129;
    3 蓝晓科技新材料股份有限公司, 陕西功能高分子吸附分离工程技术研究中心, 陕西 西安 710072
  • 收稿日期:2026-05-07 修回日期:2026-07-26 录用日期:2026-07-31
  • 通讯作者: 张宝亮 E-mail:blzhang@nwpu.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家自然科学基金(项目编号： 22375166)、陕西省自然科学基础研究计划(项目编号：2024JC-JCQN-44)及陕西省创新能力支撑计划-科技创新团队项目(项目编号： 2025RS-CXTD-024)资助。

Biomimetic structure-property matching in N-doped 3D porous carbon metamaterials for broadband microwave absorption

Xinmeng Mao1,2, Longping Huo1, Zhanglin Shi1, Jianfeng Wu1,2, Mudasir Ahmad1, Baoliang Zhang1,3   

  1. 1 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, Shaanxi Province, China;
    2 Xi'an Key Laboratory of Functional Organic Porous Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, Shaanxi Province, China;
    3 Shaanxi Engineering and Research Center for Functional Polymers on Adsorption and Separation, Sunresins New Materials Co. Ltd., Xi'an 710072, Shaanxi Province, China
  • Received:2026-05-07 Revised:2026-07-26 Accepted:2026-07-31
  • Contact: Baoliang Zhang E-mail:blzhang@nwpu.edu.cn

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摘要： 尽管现有碳基吸收体表现出良好的微波吸收性能，但在同时实现宽频高效吸收、低密度和规模化生产方面仍面临挑战。本研究提出一种绿色可持续策略，通过室温反溶剂诱导沉淀法构建氮掺杂三维多孔碳(N-3DPC)，并设计仿生几何超材料结构与之匹配，从而开发出宽频低成本吸收体。可溶性盐(NaCl、Na2CO3、Na2SO4和KCl)作为制备N-3DPC的模板。其中，NaCl模板样品具有最大的比表面积、分布均匀且相互连通的孔隙，增强了介电损耗，改善了阻抗匹配性能。该样品在2.9 mm厚度下实现−29.96 dB的最小反射损耗(RLmin)，有效吸收带宽(EAB)达7.43 GHz。通过引入遗传算法全局优化结构参数，构建了由混合仿生单元组成的周期性超材料吸收体。在优化条件下，该吸收体在5.52至18 GHz频段实现宽频吸收(EAB = 12.48 GHz)，RLmin为−28.1 dB。仿真与实验结果高度一致，CST和COMSOL仿真揭示了吸收层与匹配层之间的协同损耗机制。该设计策略通过微观碳结构与宏观几何构型的跨尺度协同作用，实现了理想的宽频电磁波吸收，为轻质高效微波吸收体的开发提供了可行路径。

关键词: 多孔碳超材料, 微波吸收体, 周期结构, 几何结构

Abstract: Although existing carbon-based absorbers show good microwave absorption performance, they still face challenges in achieving broadband efficiency, low density, and large-scale production simultaneously. This study proposes a green and sustainable strategy that constructs nitrogen-doped three-dimensional porous carbon (N-3DPC) through a room-temperature antisolvent-induced precipitation method. A bio-inspired geometric metamaterial structure is also designed to match the N-3DPC, enabling the development of a broadband and low-cost absorber. Soluble salts (NaCl, Na2CO3, Na2SO4 and KCl) serve as templates for preparing N-3DPC. Among them, the NaCl-templated sample exhibits the largest specific surface area, well-distributed and interconnected pores, which enhance dielectric loss and impedance matching. It achieves an RLmin (Minimum Reflection Loss) of -29.96 dB at 2.9 mm, with an EAB (Effective Absorption Bandwidth) of 7.43 GHz. By introducing a genetic algorithm to globally optimize the structural parameters, a periodic metamaterial absorber composed of hybrid bionic units is constructed. Under optimized conditions, the absorber achieves broadband absorption ranging from 5.52 to 18 GHz (EAB = 12.48 GHz) with an RLmin of -28.1 dB. The simulation and experimental results show strong consistency, while CST and COMSOL simulations reveal the cooperative loss mechanism that occurs between the absorbing and matching layers. This design strategy achieves ideal broadband electromagnetic wave absorption through cross-scale synergy between the microscopic carbon architecture and the macroscopic geometric configuration, providing a promising pathway toward lightweight and efficient microwave absorbers.

Key words: Porous carbon-metamaterials, Microwave absorber, Periodic structure, Geometric structure