Fig 1

Structural characterization of carbon nitride-based photocatalysts. (a) FT-IR spectra, (b) PXRD patterns, (c) HR-TEM image, (d) Solid-state 13C NMR spectra, (e) XPS spectra, and (f) ESR spectra of the prepared samples under dark conditions."

Fig 2

Photocatalytic performance of PHI photocatalysts in deaminative coupling reactions. (a) Comparative catalytic performance of g-CN-U, PHI-K, and PHI-K-alk in the model reaction between cyclohexyl Katritzky salt 1a and stilbene 2a. (b) Performance comparison of PHI-K-alk with other heterogeneous photocatalysts. (c) Control experiments. (d) Wavelength-dependent reactivity of the reaction."

Fig 3

Mechanistic investigation of PHI-K-alk catalyst in the photocatalytic deaminative C–C coupling. (a) Reaction time profile and TEMPO radical trapping experiment over PHI-K-alk under the standard conditions, (b) Light on-off experiments, (c) Fluorescence quenching studies carried out by adding DABCO and Katritzky salt, (d) Possible reaction pathway for the reaction."

Fig 4

Photophysical properties of carbon nitride-based photocatalysts. (a) The schematic illustration of the semiconductor energy band structure, (b) Photoluminescence spectra, (c) Fluorescence quenching curves, and (d) Cyclic voltammetry measurements of g-CN-U, PHI-K, PHI-K-alk samples."

Fig 5

Catalyst-substrate interaction studies at the molecular level. (a) FT-IR spectra, (b) DRS spectra, (c) PL spectra, and (d) 11B NMR spectra of catalysts before and after ion exchange. (e) In situ IR spectroscopy of PHI-K-alk and substrate revealing significant shifts in N–K bonds upon 450 nm light illumination. (f) The energy change of the LUMO orbital of the catalyst before and after the addition of substrate 1a. (g) Schematic illustration of the proposed mechanism for the reaction."

Fig 6

Substrate scope of Katritzky salt deaminative coupling with olefins. Reaction conditions: 1 (0.12 mmol), 2 (0.10 mmol), DABCO (0.12 mmol) and 10 mg PHI-K-alk in MeCN (1 mL) under N2 at room temperature for 48 h with a 3 W 450 nm LED. The yield refers to the isolated yield."

Fig 7

Synthetic applications of PHI-K-alk photocatalyst in deaminative coupling reactions. Reaction conditions: 1 (0.12 mmol), 2 (0.10 mmol), DABCO (0.12 mmol) and 10 mg PHI-K-alk in MeCN (1 mL) under N2 at room temperature for 48 h with a 3 W 450 nm LED. The yield refers to the isolated yield."

Fig 8

Scale-up capabilities and recyclability of PHI-K-alk photocatalyst. (a) gram-scale synthesis of product 3a. (b) Recycling experiments showing excellent stability of PHI-K-alk."