Fig 1

Synthesis process and formation mechanism of PPy/Fe3O4 composites. Reproduced with permission [77]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier."

Fig 2

(a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication process of 3D hierarchical Mo2N@CoFe@C/CNT composites via a MOF-based rapid ligand exchange strategy. Reproduced with permission [92]. Copyright 2021, Springer Nature. (b) Schematic diagram of the synthesis procedure of CoO/Co/N-CNTs composites. Reproduced with permission [93]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier."

Fig 3

(a) Schematic preparation flow chart, density of states (DOS) diagram and atomic magnetic moment diagram of bimetallic hybrid CoZnO/C@BCN composites. Reproduced with permission [95]. Copyright 2023, Royal Society of Chemistry. (b) Schematic preparation flow chart and related properties of electromagnetic wave absorber with MoO2 nanoparticles confined in reduced graphene oxide, constructed via a cage-confined pyrolysis strategy. Reproduced with permission [96]. Copyright 2020, Wiley. (c) Schematic preparation flow chart and electromagnetic wave absorption mechanism of CC@Co2.4Ni0.3Fe0.3O4NSs composites prepared by a cation strategy. Reproduced with permission [97]. Copyright 2025, Elsevier."

Fig 4

(a) Schematic preparation flow chart, electromagnetic wave absorption mechanism and electromagnetic parameter properties of microwave absorber composed of Ni nanoparticles coated hollow silicon carbide spheres prepared via sol-gel process. Reproduced with permission [99]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (b) Electromagnetic wave absorption mechanism diagram of nanoparticles anchored on SiC whiskers constructed by solvothermal process. Reproduced with permission [100]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (c) Schematic preparation flow chart, electromagnetic wave absorption mechanism and related properties of SiC/Fe nanowire composites synthesized via in-situ vapor-liquid-solid growth process. Reproduced with permission [101]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier. (d) Schematic preparation flow chart and electromagnetic wave absorption mechanism diagram of magnetic/dielectric multicomponent Fe3Si/SiC composites synthesized via in-situ carbothermal reduction process. Reproduced with permission [102]. Copyright 2023, Elsevier."

Fig 5

(a) Schematic preparation flow chart, electromagnetic wave absorption mechanism and quarter-wavelength theory diagram of zero-dimensional CoSe2 nanoparticles. Reproduced with permission [103]. Copyright 2023, Elsevier. (b) Schematic preparation flow chart, RCS simulation model and electromagnetic wave absorption mechanism diagram of one-dimensional porous fibers. Reproduced with permission [104]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier. (c) Electromagnetic wave absorption mechanism diagram of two-dimensional trimetallic materials prepared via the self-assembly growth method. Reproduced with permission [105]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier. (d) Quarter-wavelength theory diagram and electromagnetic wave absorption mechanism diagram of three-dimensional NiSe2-FeSe double-shelled hollow nanorods synthesized by the hydrothermal method. Reproduced with permission [106]. Copyright 2023, Elsevier."

Fig 6

(a) Schematic preparation process and electromagnetic wave absorption mechanism diagram of carbon-coated MnFe2O4/LaMnO3/LaFeO3 heterostructured nanocomposites with foam-like porous structure. Reproduced with permission [107]. Copyright 2023, Elsevier. (b) Electromagnetic wave absorption mechanism diagram of nitrogen-doped SiO2-coated Ti3C2Cx MXene composites. Reproduced with permission [108]. Copyright 2025, Sciopen. (c) Electromagnetic wave absorption mechanism diagram of Ti3C2Tx MXene@CoFe-MOF@chitosan heterojunctions designed via hybrid micro/nano-structure engineering. Reproduced with permission [109]. Copyright 2025, Springer Nature. (d) Electromagnetic wave absorption mechanism diagram of phosphorus-doped hydrangea-like layered composites encapsulated with Ni-LDH, prepared by solvothermal and phosphorylation methods. Reproduced with permission [110]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier."

Fig 7

(a) Preparation of nanoalloy fibers; (b) SEM images of nanofibers; (c) Fiber diameter distribution; (d) Electromagnetic wave absorption mechanism. Reproduced with permission [120]. Copyright 2025, Elsevier."

Fig 8

(a) Design concept of multi-scale hierarchical wrinkled MCFs and their radar-infrared compatible stealth application; (b) SEM cross-sectional images and digital photos of MCFs, typical SEM and TEM images of Fe3O4@C/PDMS, HAADF-STEM and elemental mapping images; (c) Inverse Fast Fourier Transform, typical TEM images and geometric phase analysis (GPA) mode; (d) 2D impedance matching color contour map of Fe3O4@C; (e) Typical 2D curves of Fe3O4@C; (f) Electromagnetic power loss density maps of S1 with different thicknesses at 10 GHz via CST simulation; (g) Thermal infrared images of S1–S3 under different heating durations. Reproduced with permission [122]. Copyright 2024, Springer."

Fig 9

(a) Synthesis and structural characterization of nanoscale interfacial heterostructures; (b) FESEM images; (c) Low-resolution TEM images; (d) HAADF-STEM elemental mapping; (e) Attenuation constants of FeCo/C/ZnO-r, FeCo/C/ZnO-1, FeCo/C/ZnO and FeCo/C/ZnO-2; (f) Impedance matching (Z) of FeCo/C/ZnO-r and FeCo/C/ZnO; (g) 2D absorption efficiency color map of FeCo/C/ZnO; (h) Microwave absorption efficiency of four samples in the 2–8 GHz frequency band at a given thickness (3.3 mm); (i) Comparison of EAB and thickness between FeCo/C/ZnO and various related heterostructures. Reproduced with permission [123]. Copyright 2025, Wiley."

Fig 10

XAFS spectra of the Mn K-edge. (a) normalized XANES spectrum; (b) k2 weighted Fourier transform-EXAFS spectrum, FEFFs paths fitting of FT-EXAFS spectra in (c) MO-2 Pre and (d) MO-2; (e) k1 weighted wavelet transform EXAFS spectrum; (f) RL at various thicknesses and impendence matching Z of EG@MO-2; (g) comparison of RL between EG@MO-2 and EG@MO-2-co; RCS losses distribution for (h) EG@MO-2 and (i) EG@MO-3; (j) schematic diagram of the electromagnetic wave absorption mechanism. Reproduced with permission [124]. Copyright 2025, Wiley."

Fig 11

(a)Schematic illustration of synthesis process of the CF@PPy@CoFe2O4 nanocomposite; (b) real part of complex permittivity, (c) imaginary part of complex permittivity, (d) tanδε of CF, CF@PPy and CF@PPy@CoFe2O4; (e) RL values versus frequency; (f) conduction loss and (g) polarization loss of CF, CF@PPy and CF@PPy@CoFe2O4; (h) Cole-Cole curve of CF@PPy@ CoFe2O4; (i) impedance matching of CF@PPy@CoFe2O4; (j) attenuation constant of CF, CF@PPy and CF@PPy@CoFe2O4. Reproduced with permission [126]. Copyright 2024, Springer."

Fig 12

(a) Schematic diagram for the construction of VS2/Co3O4 hybrid material heterostructures; (b) X-ray diffraction patterns of VS2 and VS2/Co3O4 hybrid nanosheets; (c) Raman spectra of heterostructured VS2/Co3O4; (d) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra; (e) TEM images of S2; (f) High-resolution TEM (HRTEM) images of sample S2; (g) RL curves and 3D plots of samples S0, S1, S2 and S3. Reproduced with permission [132]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier."

Fig 13

(a) TEM and (d) AFM images of few-layer MXene nanosheets; (b–c) TEM images of S1-MXene hollow spheres; (e) Diameter distribution of S1-MXene hollow spheres; (f) SEM and (g) TEM images of S2-MXene@Co NPs; (h) TEM images of S3-MXene@Co NPs and (i) S4-MXene@Co NPs; (j) RL and EAB of all samples; (k) RL of S2-MXene@Co NPs at 2.3–2.7 mm; (l) RL of S2-MXene@Co NPs; (m) S3-MXene@Co NPs; (n) S4-MXene@Co NPs; (o) S2-MXene@Co NPs. Reproduced with permission [134]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier."