多功能水性聚氨酯/MXene/CNTs复合泡沫的制备及其吸收-屏蔽可转换电磁性能研究

doi:10.1016/j.actphy.2026.100390

Abstract

Abstract: Balancing electromagnetic (EM) wave (EMW) absorption and interference (EMI) shielding performance while maintaining lightweight characteristics remains a challenge for advanced EM protective materials. Herein, a compressible porous water-based polyurethane/carbon nanotubes/MXene/aramid nanofibers (WPU/CNTs/MXene/ANF, WCMA) composite foams was fabricated via a directional freezedrying strategy, with WPU and ANF serving as the flexible structural framework, and Ti₃C₂T_x MXene combined with carboxylated CNTs as synergistic conductive fillers. By systematically tailoring the CNT loading, the synergistic regulation of conductive network density and impedance matching was achieved, enabling a controllable transition of EM functionality from microwave absorption to EMI shielding. At low CNT content, WCMA1 exhibited outstanding broadband EM wave absorption performance, with a minimum reflection loss (RL_min) of -51.9 dB and a maximum effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 6.24 GHz (7.44–11.6 GHz and 12.08–14.16 GHz), which originated from the synergy of porous structure-induced multiple EM wave scattering, interfacial polarization and dipole polarization from surface functional groups. With the increase of CNT loading, a continuous three-dimensional conductive network was constructed in the foams. Consequently, WCMA30 achieved a maximum total EMI shielding effectiveness (SE_T) of 59.48 dB in the X-band (8.2–12.4 GHz), accompanied by a shielding mechanism transition from absorptiondominant to reflection-absorption synergy. Beyond the tunable EM performance, the WCMA foams integrated multiple excellent functionalities including rapid photothermal response, efficient thermal insulation, infrared stealth, superior flame retardancy and hydrophobicity, endowing the materials with excellent thermal management capability and environmental adaptability. This work realizes the controllable switching of EM functions through the synergistic design of composition, which provides a novel design strategy for the construction of lightweight multifunctional EM protective materials.

Key words: EMI shielding, Microwave absorption, MXene, CNTs

Shuangshuang Liu, Jinghao Wang, Zhengxiao Bian, Dashuang Wang, Nannan Wu, Chuanxin Hou, Peitao Xie, Ruliang Zhang, Jian Tian. Engineering conductive networks in water-based polyurethane/MXene/CNTs foams with multiple functions and convertible electromagnetic performance from absorption to shielding[J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2026, (), 100390. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2026.100390

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Engineering conductive networks in water-based polyurethane/MXene/CNTs foams with multiple functions and convertible electromagnetic performance from absorption to shielding

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