质子交换膜燃料电池阴极非贵金属M-Nx/C型氧还原催化剂研究进展

doi:10.3866/PKU.WHXB202210036

Abstract

Abstract:

Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are an efficient and clean energy conversion technology with the advantage of zero pollution for transportation applications. The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is the key step in the energy conversion at the cathode, but the slow kinetics requires a high content of expensive platinum-group-metal (PGM) catalysts. Therefore, research on high-performance and inexpensive catalysts to replace PGM-based catalysts are essential to promote the commercialization of fuel cells. Single-atom catalysts (SACs) with highly active sites that are atomically dispersed on substrates exhibit unique advantages, such as maximum atomic utilization, abundant chemical structures, and extraordinary catalytic performances for multiple important reactions. Inspired by macrocyclic compounds with MN₄ active centers, the application of pyrolyzed M-N_x/C type SACs (M = Fe, Co, Mn, Ru, Cr, Zn, etc.) in the ORR has significantly progressed within the last ten years. Particularly, single-atom Fe-N-C catalysts have been extensively investigated, demonstrating high ORR activity, which indicates that the initial electrochemistry and fuel cell performance are similar to that of conventional Pt/C catalysts. However, in the oxidizing and acidic PEMFC cathode, Fe-N-C catalysts are degraded rapidly, which hinders the application of these nonprecious metal M-N_x/C-type catalysts. Several degradation mechanisms have been proposed over the past few years, such as carbon oxidation, demetallation, and waterflooding. However, the degradation mechanisms remain unknown and require further investigation of the underlying causes of the mechanism, degradation process, and coping strategies. To achieve the future commercialization of high-performance M-N_x/C catalysts, several key challenges are summarized with potential research guidelines proposed to overcome bottlenecks. This review summarizes the development history and state-of-the-art research progress on nonprecious metal M-N_x/C-type catalysts in PEMFCs. First, we introduce the basic theory of the ORR and the methods of advanced characterization techniques for active site identification and reaction mechanism analysis to gain a comprehensive understanding of the structure–performance relationship. Subsequently, the representative studies and recent advancements in M-N_x/C-type catalysts by experimental and theoretical calculations are presented. Additionally, we analyze the root cause of the stability problems and propose the corresponding solution strategies to promote the intrinsic electrocatalytic ORR activity and durability, including regulating the electronic structure and coordination environment, as well as altering the central metal atoms and guest groups. Finally, we propose that the future direction of M-N_x/C-type catalysts is the rational design of catalysts with a high site density and high stability. Moreover, improving the lifetime of nonprecious metal catalysts remains essential for feasible applications in the future.

Key words: Proton exchange membrane fuel cell, Oxygen reduction reaction, Non-precious metal catalyst, Stability, Electrocatalysis

Chang Lan, Yuyi Chu, Shuo Wang, Changpeng Liu, Junjie Ge, Wei Xing. Research Progress of Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Cathode Nonnoble Metal M-N_x/C-Type Oxygen Reduction Catalysts[J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2023, 39(8), 2210036. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202210036

Figures/Tables 9

Fig 1

Fig 2

Fig 3

Fig 4

Fig 5

Fig 6

Fig 7

Table 1

Fig 8

References 102

1	Chatterjee S. ; Dutta I. ; Lum Y. ; Lai Z. ; Huang K.-W. Energy Environ. Sci. 2021, 14, 1194. doi: 10.1039/d0ee03011b
2	Cullen D. A. ; Neyerlin K. C. ; Ahluwalia R. K. ; Mukundan R. ; More K. L. ; Borup R. L. ; Weber A. Z. ; Myers D. J. ; Kusoglu A. Nat. Energy 2021, 6, 462. doi: 10.1038/s41560-021-00775-z
3	Steele B. C. ; Heinzel A. Nature 2001, 414, 345. doi: 10.1038/35104620
4	Staffell I. ; Scamman D. ; Abad A. V. ; Balcombe P. ; Dodds P. E. ; Ekins P. ; Shah N. ; Ward K. R. Energy Environ. Sci. 2019, 12, 463. doi: 10.1039/c8ee01157e
5	Shih C. F. ; Zhang T. ; Li J. H. ; Bai C. L. Joule 2018, 2, 1925. doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2018.08.016
6	Debe M. K. Nature 2012, 486, 43. doi: 10.1038/nature11115
7	Li Q. ; Wang T. ; Havas D. ; Zhang H. ; Xu P. ; Han J. ; Cho J. ; Wu G. Adv. Sci. 2016, 3, 1600140. doi: 10.1002/advs.201600140
8	Xu X. ; Xia Z. ; Zhang X. ; Sun R. ; Sun X. ; Li H. ; Wu C. ; Wang J. ; Wang S. ; Sun G. Appl. Catal. B 2019, 259, 118042. doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.118042
9	Wroblowa H. S. ; Yen Chi P. ; Razumney G. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1976, 69, 195. doi: 10.1016/s0022-0728(76)80250-1
10	Muthukrishnan A. ; Nabae Y. ; Chang C. W. ; Okajima T. ; Ohsaka T. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2015, 5, 1764. doi: 10.1039/c4cy01429d
11	Luo E. ; Chu Y. ; Liu J. ; Shi Z. ; Zhu S. ; Gong L. ; Ge J. ; Choi C. H. ; Liu C. ; Xing W. Energy Environ. Sci. 2021, 14, 2158. doi: 10.1039/d1ee00142f
12	Wang X. ; Li Z. ; Qu Y. ; Yuan T. ; Wang W. ; Wu Y. ; Li Y. Chem 2019, 5, 1486. doi: 10.1016/j.chempr.2019.03.002
13	Keith J. A. ; Jerkiewicz G. ; Jacob T. ChemPhysChem 2010, 11, 2779. doi: 10.1002/cphc.201000286
14	Singh H. ; Zhuang S. ; Ingis B. ; Nunna B. B. ; Lee E. S. Carbon 2019, 151, 160. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2019.05.075
15	Duan Z. ; Wang G. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2011, 13, 20178. doi: 10.1039/c1cp21687b
16	Tao X. ; Lu R. ; Ni L. ; Gridin V. ; Al-Hilfi S. H. ; Qiu Z. ; Zhao Y. ; Kramm U. I. ; Zhou Y. ; Mullen K. Mater. Horizons 2021, 9, 417. doi: 10.1039/d1mh01307f
17	Li X. ; Xiang Z. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 57. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-27735-1
18	Chung H. T. ; Cullen D. A. ; Higgins D. ; Sneed B. T. ; Holby E. F. ; More K. L. ; Zelenay P. Science 2017, 357, 479. doi: 10.1126/science.aan2255
19	Wang J. ; Huang Z. ; Liu W. ; Chang C. ; Tang H. ; Li Z. ; Chen W. ; Jia C. ; Yao T. ; Wei S. ; et al J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 17281. doi: 10.1021/jacs.7b10385
20	Yang G. ; Zhu J. ; Yuan P. ; Hu Y. ; Qu G. ; Lu B.-A. ; Xue X. ; Yin H. ; Cheng W. ; Cheng J. ; et al Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 1734. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-21919-5
21	Zhang X. ; Xue D. ; Jiang S. ; Xia H. ; Yang Y. ; Yan W. ; Hu J. ; Zhang J. InfoMat 2022, 4, 12257. doi: 10.1002/inf2.12257
22	Luo E. ; Zhang H. ; Wang X. ; Gao L. ; Gong L. ; Zhao T. ; Jin Z. ; Ge J. ; Jiang Z. ; Liu C. ; et al Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 12469. doi: 10.1002/anie.201906289
23	Xiao M. ; Gao L. ; Wang Y. ; Wang X. ; Zhu J. ; Jin Z. ; Liu C. ; Chen H. ; Li G. ; Ge J. ; et al J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 19800. doi: 10.1021/jacs.9b09234
24	Xiao M. ; Chen Y. ; Zhu J. ; Zhang H. ; Zhao X. ; Gao L. ; Wang X. ; Zhao J. ; Ge J. ; Jiang Z. ; et al J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 17763. doi: 10.1021/jacs.9b08362
25	Zelenay, P.; Myers, D. Electrocatalysis Consortium 2.0. https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review21/fc160_myers_zelenay_2021_o.pdf.
26	Xiao M. ; Zhu J. ; Ma L. ; Jin Z. ; Ge J. ; Deng X. ; Hou Y. ; He Q. ; Li J. ; Jia Q. ; et al ACS Catal. 2018, 8, 2824. doi: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00138
27	Fei H. ; Dong J. ; Chen D. ; Hu T. ; Duan X. ; Shakir I. ; Huang Y. ; Duan X. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2019, 48, 5207. doi: 10.1039/c9cs00422j
28	van Oversteeg C. H. ; Doan H. Q. ; de Groot F. M. ; Cuk T. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2017, 46, 102. doi: 10.1039/c6cs00230g
29	Luo E. ; Wang C. ; Li Y. ; Wang X. ; Gong L. ; Zhao T. ; Jin Z. ; Ge J. ; Liu C. ; Xing W. Nano Res. 2020, 13, 2420. doi: 10.1007/s12274-020-2868-8
30	Yu L. ; Li Y. ; Ruan Y. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 25296. doi: 10.1002/anie.202111761
31	Tamenori Y. ; Morita M. ; Nakamura T. J. Synchrotron Radiat. 2011, 18, 747. doi: 10.1107/S0909049511027531
32	Toyoshima R. ; Kondoh H. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 2015, 27, 083003. doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/8/083003
33	Kramm U. I. ; Herrmann-Geppert I. ; Behrends J. ; Lips K. ; Fiechter S. ; Bogdanoff P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 635. doi: 10.1021/jacs.5b11015
34	Li J. ; Sougrati M. T. ; Zitolo A. ; Ablett J. M. ; Oğuz I. C. ; Mineva T. ; Matanovic I. ; Atanassov P. ; Huang Y. ; Zenyuk I. ; et al Nat. Catal. 2020, 4, 10. doi: 10.1038/s41929-020-00545-2
35	Jia Q. ; Liu E. ; Jiao L. ; Pann S. ; Mukerjee S. Adv Mater 2019, 31, e1805157. doi: 10.1002/adma.201805157
36	Saveleva V. A. ; Ebner K. ; Ni L. ; Smolentsev G. ; Klose D. ; Zitolo A. ; Marelli E. ; Li J. ; Medarde M. ; Safonova O. V. ; et al Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 11707. doi: 10.1002/anie.202016951
37	Bandyopadhyay D. Int. Mater. Rev. 2006, 51, 171. doi: 10.1179/174328006x79490
38	Malko D. ; Kucernak A. ; Lopes T. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 13285. doi: 10.1038/ncomms13285
39	Xu X. ; Zhang X. ; Kuang Z. ; Xia Z. ; Rykov A. I. ; Yu S. ; Wang J. ; Wang S. ; Sun G. Appl. Catal. B 2022, 309, 121290. doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2022.121290
40	Bae G. ; Kim H. ; Choi H. ; Jeong P. ; Kim D. H. ; Kwon H. C. ; Lee K. S. ; Choi M. ; Oh H. S. ; Jaouen F. ; et al JACS Au 2021, 1, 586. doi: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00074
41	Primbs M. ; Sun Y. ; Roy A. ; Malko D. ; Mehmood A. ; Sougrati M.-T. ; Blanchard P.-Y. ; Granozzi G. ; Kosmala T. ; Daniel G. ; et al Energy Environ. Sci. 2020, 13, 2480. doi: 10.1039/d0ee01013h
42	Edgecomb J. ; Xie X. ; Shao Y. ; El-Khoury P. Z. ; Johnson G. E. ; Prabhakaran V. Front. Chem. 2020, 8, 572563. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2020.572563
43	Jiao L. ; Li J. ; Richard L. L. ; Sun Q. ; Stracensky T. ; Liu E. ; Sougrati M. T. ; Zhao Z. ; Yang F. ; Zhong S. ; et al Nat. Mater. 2021, 20, 1385. doi: 10.1038/s41563-021-01030-2
44	Jin Z. ; Li P. ; Meng Y. ; Fang Z. ; Xiao D. ; Yu G. Nat. Catal. 2021, 4, 615. doi: 10.1038/s41929-021-00650-w
45	Deng Y. ; Luo J. ; Chi B. ; Tang H. ; Li J. ; Qiao X. ; Shen Y. ; Yang Y. ; Jia C. ; Rao P. ; et al Adv. Energy Mater. 2021, 11, 2101222. doi: 10.1002/aenm.202101222
46	Dong F. ; Wu M. ; Chen Z. ; Liu X. ; Zhang G. ; Qiao J. ; Sun S. Nanomicro Lett. 2022, 14, 36. doi: 10.1007/s40820-021-00768-3
47	Jasinski R. Nature 1964, 201, 1212. doi: 10.1038/2011212a0
48	Jahnke H. ; Schonborn M. ; Zimmermann G. Top. Curr. Chem. 1976, 61, 133. doi: 10.1007/BFb0046059
49	Lefevre M. ; Proietti E. ; Jaouen F. ; Dodelet J. P. Science 2009, 324, 71. doi: 10.1126/science.1170051
50	Wu G. ; More K. L. ; Johnston C. M. ; Zelenay P. Science 2011, 332, 443. doi: 10.1126/science.1200832
51	Zhang H. ; Chung H. T. ; Cullen D. A. ; Wagner S. ; Kramm U. I. ; More K. L. ; Zelenay P. ; Wu G. Energy Environ. Sci. 2019, 12, 2548. doi: 10.1039/c9ee00877b
52	He Y. ; Liu S. ; Priest C. ; Shi Q. ; Wu G. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2020, 49, 3484. doi: 10.1039/c9cs00903e
53	Li, X.; Li, J.; Wu, G.; Litster, S. Stationary Direct Methanol Fuel Cells Using Pure Methanol. https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review21/fc317_Li_2021_o.pdf
54	Wan X. ; Liu X. ; Li Y. ; Yu R. ; Zheng L. ; Yan W. ; Wang H. ; Xu M. ; Shui J. Nat. Catal. 2019, 2, 259. doi: 10.1038/s41929-019-0237-3
55	Xiao M. ; Zhu J. ; Li G. ; Li N. ; Li S. ; Cano Z. P. ; Ma L. ; Cui P. ; Xu P. ; Jiang G. ; et al Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 9640. doi: 10.1002/anie.201905241
56	Gong L. ; Zhang H. ; Wang Y. ; Luo E. ; Li K. ; Gao L. ; Wang Y. ; Wu Z. ; Jin Z. ; Ge J. ; et al Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 13923. doi: 10.1002/anie.202004534
57	Xu, H. Electrocat: Durable Mn-Based Pgm-Free Catalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells. https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review21/fc170_xu_2021_o.pdf.
58	Wang Q. ; Yang Y. ; Sun F. ; Chen G. ; Wang J. ; Peng L. ; Chen W. T. ; Shang L. ; Zhao J. ; Sun-Waterhouse D. ; et al Adv. Energy Mater. 2021, 11, 2100219. doi: 10.1002/aenm.202100219
59	Qu Y. ; Li Z. ; Chen W. ; Lin Y. ; Yuan T. ; Yang Z. ; Zhao C. ; Wang J. ; Zhao C. ; Wang X. ; et al Nat. Catal. 2018, 1, 781. doi: 10.1038/s41929-018-0146-x
60	Zhu M. ; Zhao C. ; Liu X. ; Wang X. ; Zhou F. ; Wang J. ; Hu Y. ; Zhao Y. ; Yao T. ; Yang L.-M.; ; et al ACS Catal. 2021, 11, 3923. doi: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05503
61	Li J. ; Chen S. ; Yang N. ; Deng M. ; Ibraheem S. ; Deng J. ; Li J. ; Li L. ; Wei Z. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 7035. doi: 10.1002/anie.201902109
62	Xie X. ; He C. ; Li B. ; He Y. ; Cullen D. A. ; Wegener E. C. ; Kropf A. J. ; Martinez U. ; Cheng Y. ; Engelhard M. H. ; et al Nat. Catal. 2020, 3, 1044. doi: 10.1038/s41929-020-00546-1
63	Yin S. ; Yang S. ; Li G. ; Li G. ; Zhang B. ; Wang C. ; Chen M. ; Liao H.-G. ; Yang J. ; Jiang Y. ; et al Energy Environ. Sci. 2022, 15, 3033. doi: 10.1039/d2ee00061j
64	Mehmood A. ; Gong M. ; Jaouen F. ; Roy A. ; Zitolo A. ; Khan A. ; Sougrati M.-T. ; Primbs M. ; Bonastres A. M. ; Fongalland D. ; et al Nat. Catal. 2022, 5, 311. doi: 10.1038/s41929-022-00772-9
65	Wei X. ; Song S. ; Cai W. ; Luo X. ; Jiao L. ; Fang Q. ; Wang X. ; Wu N. ; Luo Z. ; Wang H. ; et al Chem 2022, 9, 1. doi: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.10.001
66	Xie H. ; Xie X. ; Hu G. ; Prabhakaran V. ; Saha S. ; Gonzalez-Lopez L. ; Phakatkar A. H. ; Hong M. ; Wu M. ; Shahbazian-Yassar R. ; et al Nat. Energy 2022, 7, 281. doi: 10.1038/s41560-022-00988-w
67	Ramaswamy N. ; Mukerjee S. J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115, 18015. doi: 10.1021/jp204680p
68	Ramaswamy N. ; Mukerjee S. Adv. Phys 2012, 2012, 1. doi: 10.1155/2012/491604
69	Liu Q. T. ; Liu X. F. ; Zheng L. R. ; Shui J. L. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 1204. doi: 10.1002/anie.201709597
70	Shao Y. ; Dodelet J.-P. ; Wu G. ; Zelenay P. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1807615. doi: 10.1002/adma.201807615
71	Miao Z. ; Li S. ; Priest C. ; Wang T. ; Wu G. ; Li Q. Adv. Mater. 2022, 2200595 doi: 10.1002/adma.202200595
72	Miao Z. ; Wang X. ; Zhao Z. ; Zuo W. ; Chen S. ; Li Z. ; He Y. ; Liang J. ; Ma F. ; Wang H.-L. ; et al Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2006613. doi: 10.1002/adma.202006613
73	Li L. ; Wen Y. ; Han G. ; Liu Y. ; Song Y. ; Zhang W. ; Sun J. ; Du L. ; Kong F. ; Ma Y. ; et al Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 437, 135320. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.135320
74	Wan X. ; Shui J. ACS Energy Lett. 2022, 7, 1696. doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.2c00473
75	Ahluwalia R. K. ; Wang X. ; Osmieri L. ; Peng J. K. ; Cetinbas C. F. ; Park J. ; Myers D. J. ; Chung H. T. ; Neyerlin K. C. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2021, 168, 024513. doi: 10.1149/1945-7111/abe34c
76	Du L. ; Prabhakaran V. ; Xie X. ; Park S. ; Wang Y. ; Shao Y. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 1908232. doi: 10.1002/adma.201908232
77	Xia D. ; Yang X. ; Xie L. ; Wei Y. ; Jiang W. ; Dou M. ; Li X. ; Li J. ; Gan L. ; Kang F. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1906174. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201906174
78	Ma Q. ; Jin H. ; Zhu J. ; Li Z. ; Xu H. ; Liu B. ; Zhang Z. ; Ma J. ; Mu S. Adv. Sci. 2021, 8, 2102209. doi: 10.1002/advs.202102209
79	Li J. ; Zhang H. ; Samarakoon W. ; Shan W. ; Cullen D. A. ; Karakalos S. ; Chen M. ; Gu D. ; More K. L. ; Wang G. ; et al Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 18971. doi: 10.1002/anie.201909312
80	Wei H. ; Su X. ; Liu J. ; Tian J. ; Wang Z. ; Sun K. ; Rui Z. ; Yang W. ; Zou Z. Electrochem. Commun. 2018, 88, 19. doi: 10.1016/j.elecom.2018.01.011
81	Wang Z. ; Tang H. ; Zhang H. ; Lei M. ; Chen R. ; Xiao P. ; Pan M. J. Membr. Sci. 2012, 421, 201. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2012.07.014
82	Yoon K. R. ; Lee K. A. ; Jo S. ; Yook S. H. ; Lee K. Y. ; Kim I.-D. ; Kim J. Y. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1806929. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201806929
83	Wang Y. ; Wan X. ; Liu J. ; Li W. ; Li Y. ; Guo X. ; Liu X. ; Shang J. ; Shui J. Nano Res. 2021, 15, 3082. doi: 10.1007/s12274-021-3966-y
84	Liu S. ; Li C. ; Zachman M. J. ; Zeng Y. ; Yu H. ; Li B. ; Wang M. ; Braaten J. ; Liu J. ; Meyer H. M. ; et al Nat. Energy 2022, 7, 652. doi: 10.1038/s41560-022-01062-1
85	Yang N. ; Peng L. ; Li L. ; Li J. ; Liao Q. ; Shao M. ; Wei Z. Chem. Sci. 2021, 12, 12476. doi: 10.1039/d1sc02901k
86	Herranz J. ; Jaouen F. ; Lefevre M. ; Kramm U. I. ; Proietti E. ; Dodelet J. P. ; Bogdanoff P. ; Fiechter S. ; Abs-Wurmbach I. ; Bertrand P. ; et al J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115, 16087. doi: 10.1021/jp2042526
87	Li H. ; Tang Y. ; Wang Z. ; Shi Z. ; Wu S. ; Song D. ; Zhang J. ; Fatih K. ; Zhang J. ; Wang H. ; et al J. Power Sources 2008, 178, 103. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.12.068
88	Fu X. ; Zamani P. ; Choi J.-Y. ; Hassan F. M. ; Jiang G. ; Higgins D. C. ; Zhang Y. ; Hoque M. A. ; Chen Z. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1604456. doi: 10.1002/adma.201604456
89	Chenitz R. ; Kramm U. I. ; Lefèvre M. ; Glibin V. ; Zhang G. ; Sun S. ; Dodelet J.-P. Energy Environ. Sci. 2018, 11, 365. doi: 10.1039/c7ee02302b
90	Zhang X. ; Xia Z. ; Li H. ; Yu S. ; Wang S. ; Sun G. RSC Adv. 2019, 9, 7086. doi: 10.1039/c9ra00167k
91	Choi J.-Y. ; Yang L. ; Kishimoto T. ; Fu X. ; Ye S. ; Chen Z. ; Banham D. Energy Environ. Sci. 2017, 10, 296. doi: 10.1039/c6ee03005j
92	Wang Y.-C. ; Zhu P.-F. ; Yang H. ; Huang L. ; Wu Q.-H. ; Rauf M. ; Zhang J.-Y. ; Dong J. ; Wang K. ; Zhou Z.-Y. ; et al ChemElectroChem 2018, 5, 1914. doi: 10.1002/celc.201700939
93	Hao Y.-C. ; Guo Y. ; Chen L.-W. ; Shu M. ; Wang X.-Y. ; Bu T.-A. ; Gao W.-Y. ; Zhang N. ; Su X. ; Feng X. ; et al Nat. Catal. 2019, 2, 467. doi: 10.1038/s41929-019-0267-x
94	Mun Y. ; Kim M. J. ; Park S.-A. ; Lee E. ; Ye Y. ; Lee S. ; Kim Y.-T. ; Kim S. ; Kim O.-H. ; Cho Y.-H. ; et al Appl. Catal. B 2018, 222, 191. doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.10.015
95	Cheng Q. ; Han S. ; Mao K. ; Chen C. ; Yang L. ; Zou Z. ; Gu M. ; Hu Z. ; Yang H. Nano Energy 2018, 52, 485. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.08.005
96	Slack J. ; Halevi B. ; McCool G. ; Li J. ; Paylicek R. ; Wycisk R. ; Mukerjee S. ; Pintauro P. ChemElectroChem 2018, 5, 1537. doi: 10.1002/celc.201800283
97	Yin H. ; Yuan P. ; Lu B.-A. ; Xia H. ; Guo K. ; Yang G. ; Qu G. ; Xue D. ; Hu Y. ; Cheng J. ; et al ACS Catal. 2021, 11, 12754. doi: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02259
98	Wan X. ; Liu Q. ; Liu J. ; Liu S. ; Liu X. ; Zheng L. ; Shang J. ; Yu R. ; Shui J. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 2963. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-30702-z
99	Ye W. ; Chen S. ; Lin Y. ; Yang L. ; Chen S. ; Zheng X. ; Qi Z. ; Wang C. ; Long R. ; Chen M. ; et al Chem 2019, 5, 2865. doi: 10.1016/j.chempr.2019.07.020
100	Peng L. ; Yang J. ; Yang Y. ; Qian F. ; Wang Q. ; Sun-Waterhouse D. ; Shang L. ; Zhang T. ; Waterhouse G. I. N. Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 2202544. doi: 10.1002/adma.202202544
101	Xu M.-J. ; Liu J. ; Ge J.-J. ; Liu C.-P. ; Xing W. J. Electrochem. 2020, 26, 464. doi: 10.13208/j.electrochem.200444
102	Wang X. ; Zhang L. ; Liu C.-P. ; Ge J.-J. ; Zhu J.-B. ; Xing W. J. Electrochem. 2022, 28, 2108501. doi: 10.13208/j.electrochem.210850

Catalyst	Active site	Electrolyte	Halfwave potential/V (vs. RHE)	Maximum Power
TPI@Z8(SiO₂)-650-Z ⁵⁴	FeN₄	0.5 mol∙L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	0.823	H₂/2.5 bar O₂: 1.18 W∙cm⁻²
Cr/N/C-950 ²²	CrN₄	0.1 mol∙L⁻¹ HClO₄	0.773	–
Ru-SSC ²³	RuN₄	0.1 mol∙L⁻¹ HClO₄	0.824	H₂/1.5 bar O₂: 0.64 W∙cm⁻²
Ir-SAC ⁵⁵	IrN₄	0.1 mol∙L⁻¹ HClO₄	0.864	H₂/O₂: 0.932 W∙cm⁻²
FeCoN_x/C ²⁴	FeCoN₅-OH	0.1 mol∙L⁻¹ HClO₄	0.860	H₂/O₂: 0.819 W∙cm⁻²
Fe-N-C-YZ ⁵³	FeN₄	0.5 mol∙L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	0.916	H₂/air 300/1000 sccm: 0.558 W∙cm^–2
Mn(acac)₃@ZIF-NC ⁵⁷	MnN₄	0.5 mol∙L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	0.872	50%RH H₂/air 250 kPa: 0.674 W∙cm⁻²
Fe/NC-NaCl ⁵⁸	FeN₄	0.1 mol∙L⁻¹ HClO₄	0.832	H₂/O₂: 0.89 W∙cm⁻²
Cu-SAs/N-C ⁵⁹	CuN₄	0.1 mol∙L⁻¹ HClO₄ 0.1 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	0.730 0.895	–
Ce-SAS/HPNC ⁶⁰	Ce-N₄/O₆	0.1 mol∙L⁻¹ HClO₄	0.862	H₂/2 bar O₂: 0.525 W∙cm^–2
Zn-N-C ⁶¹	ZnN₄	0.1 mol∙L⁻¹ HClO₄ 0.1 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	0.746 0.873	–
Co-N-C ⁶²	CoN₄	0.5 mol∙L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	0.820	H₂/O₂: 0.64 W∙cm^–2

[1]	Ruizhi Duan, Xiaomei Wang, Panwang Zhou, Yang Liu, Can Li. The role of hydroxyl species in the alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction over transition metal surfaces [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2025, 41(9): 100111-.
[2]	Mingxuan Qi, Lanyu Jin, Honghe Yao, Zipeng Xu, Teng Cheng, Qi Chen, Cheng Zhu, Yang Bai. Recent progress on electrical failure and stability of perovskite solar cells under reverse bias [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2025, 41(8): 100088-.
[3]	Yuchen Zhou, Huanmin Liu, Hongxing Li, Xinyu Song, Yonghua Tang, Peng Zhou. Designing thermodynamically stable noble metal single-atom photocatalysts for highly efficient non-oxidative conversion of ethanol into high-purity hydrogen and value-added acetaldehyde [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2025, 41(6): 100067-.
[4]	Xueting Cao, Shuangshuang Cha, Ming Gong. Interfacial Electrical Double Layer in Electrocatalytic Reactions: Fundamentals, Characterizations and Applications [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2025, 41(5): 100041-.
[5]	Hailian Tang, Siyuan Chen, Qiaoyun Liu, Guoyi Bai, Botao Qiao, Liu Fei. Stabilized Rh/hydroxyapatite Catalyst for Furfuryl Alcohol Hydrogenation: Application of Oxidative Strong Metal-Support Interactions in Reducing Conditions [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2025, 41(4): 100036-.
[6]	Runhua Chen, Qiong Wu, Jingchen Luo, Xiaolong Zu, Shan Zhu, Yongfu Sun. Defective Ultrathin Two-Dimensional Materials for Photo-/Electrocatalytic CO₂ Reduction: Fundamentals and Perspectives [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2025, 41(3): 100019-.
[7]	Xue Dong, Xiaofu Sun, Shuaiqiang Jia, Shitao Han, Dawei Zhou, Ting Yao, Min Wang, Minghui Fang, Haihong Wu, Buxing Han. Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction to C₂₊ Products with Ampere-Level Current on Carbon-Modified Copper Catalysts [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2025, 41(3): 100024-.
[8]	Xin Zhou, Yiting Huo, Songyu Yang, Bowen He, Xiaojing Wang, Zhen Wu, Jianjun Zhang. Understanding the effect of pH on protonated COF during photocatalytic H₂O₂ production by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2025, 41(12): 100160-.
[9]	Kangjuan Cheng, Chunxiao Liu, Youpeng Wang, Qiu Jiang, Tingting Zheng, Xu Li, Chuan Xia. Design of noble metal catalysts and reactors for the electrosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2025, 41(10): 100112-.
[10]	Qing Li, Guangxun Zhang, Yuxia Xu, Yangyang Sun, Huan Pang. P-Regulated Hierarchical Structure Ni₂P Assemblies toward Efficient Electrochemical Urea Oxidation [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2024, 40(9): 2308045-.
[11]	Yan Kong, Wei Wei, Lekai Xu, Chen Chen. Electrochemical Synthesis of Organonitrogen Compounds from N-integrated CO₂ Reduction Reaction [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2024, 40(8): 2307049-.
[12]	Wentao Xu, Xuyan Mo, Yang Zhou, Zuxian Weng, Kunling Mo, Yanhua Wu, Xinlin Jiang, Dan Li, Tangqi Lan, Huan Wen, Fuqin Zheng, Youjun Fan, Wei Chen. Bimetal Leaching Induced Reconstruction of Water Oxidation Electrocatalyst for Enhanced Activity and Stability [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2024, 40(8): 2308003-.
[13]	Zhiyang Li, Hui Deng, Xinqi Cai, Zhuo Chen. Magnetic Core/Shell-Capsules Locally Neutralize Gastric Acid for Efficient Delivery of Active Probiotics [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2024, 40(7): 2306051-.
[14]	Ye Wang, Ruixiang Ge, Xiang Liu, Jing Li, Haohong Duan. An Anion Leaching Strategy towards Metal Oxyhydroxides Synthesis for Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Glycerol [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2024, 40(7): 2307019-.
[15]	Xinyi Zhang, Kai Ren, Yanning Liu, Zhenyi Gu, Zhixiong Huang, Shuohang Zheng, Xiaotong Wang, Jinzhi Guo, Igor V. Zatovsky, Junming Cao, Xinglong Wu. Progress on Entropy Production Engineering for Electrochemical Catalysis [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2024, 40(7): 2307057-.

Research Progress of Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Cathode Nonnoble Metal M-N_x/C-Type Oxygen Reduction Catalysts

RichHTML

PDF

Like

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 9

References 102

Related Articles 15

Metrics

Recommended 0

Research Progress of Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Cathode Nonnoble Metal M-Nx/C-Type Oxygen Reduction Catalysts

RichHTML

PDF

Like

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 9

References 102

Related Articles 15

Metrics

Recommended 0

Research Progress of Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Cathode Nonnoble Metal M-N_x/C-Type Oxygen Reduction Catalysts