玉米酒糟衍生硬碳：一种可持续的高倍率、长寿命钠离子电池负极材料

doi:10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100199

Abstract

Abstract:

Hard carbon (HC) derived from corn-distillers is a sustainable, affordable anode candidate for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), yet its practical deployment has been limited by insufficient reversible capacity. Here we report a temperature-gradient treatment that precisely tailors interlayer spacing, porosity, and graphitization in corn-distillers-derived hard carbon, unlocking exceptional electrochemical performance. The optimized material exhibits an interlayer spacing of 0.378 nm and a dominant pore size of 1.68 nm. It demonstrates outstanding high-rate behavior, achieving 289 and 198 mAh g^-1 at 1.0 and 2.0 A g^-1, respectively. Additionally, it retains 83% of its capacity after 700 cycles at 2.0 A g^-1. Integrating in situ X-ray diffraction with ex situ Raman spectroscopy demonstrates a unique sodium-storage mechanism characterized by both "adsorption–intercalation and pore-filling". This approach helps elucidate the rapid kinetics and long-lasting performance. These results demonstrate that controlled structural tactics of biomass-derived HC can achieve the desired capacity, rate capability, and longevity required for practical SIB anodes—bringing an abundant, waste-derived feedstock dramatically closer to commercialization.

Key words: Corn distillers, Hard carbon, Ex situ Raman, In situ XRD, Rate performance

Xue Zhang, Zihan He, Yingqi Wu, Weilai Yu, Tao Liu. Corn-distillers-derived hard carbon: a sustainable high-rate, long-life anode for sodium-ion batteries[J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2026, 42(5), 100199. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100199

Figures/Tables 5

Fig 1

Fig 2

Fig 3

Fig 4

Fig 5

References 66

1	P. Achakulwisut, P. Erickson, C. Guivarch, R. Schaeffer, E. Brutschin, S. Pye. Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 5425. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-41105-z
2	T. Liu, Y. Yang, S. Cao, R. Xiang, L. Zhang, J. Yu. Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2207752. doi: 10.1002/adma.202207752
3	S. Zhang, K. Gu, B. Lu, J. Han, J. Zhou. Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 2024, 40, 2309028. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202309028
4	M. Gutsch, J. Leker. Appl. Energy 2024, 353, 122132. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.122132
5	M. Olutogun, A. Vanderbruggen, C. Frey, M. Rudolph, D. Bresser, S. Passerini. Carbon Energy 2024, 6, e483. doi: 10.1002/cey2.483
6	Q. Li, P. Li, Z. Liu, J. Zhang, H. Zhang, W. Yu, X. Hu. Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 2024, 40, 2311030. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202311030
7	Z. Yu, C. Gan, A. S. Mijailovic, A. Stone, R. Hurt, C. L. Pernia, X. Xiao, C. Shi, B. W. Sheldon. Adv. Energy Mater. 2025, 15, 2403179. doi: 10.1002/aenm.202403179
8	Y. Han, X. Wang, W. Yan, A. L. Buzlukov, P. Hu, L. Zhang, J. Yu, T. Liu. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2024, 16, 35114. doi: 10.1021/acsami.4c05943
9	Z. Wu, X. Wang, S. Hou, X. Zhang, X. Nie, J. Yu, T. Liu. Chem. Commun. 2024, 60, 10029. doi: 10.1039/D4CC03519D
10	W. Yu, K. Lin, D. T. Boyle, M. T. Tang, Y. Cui, Y. Chen, Z. Yu, R. Xu, Y. Lin, G. Feng, et al.. Nat. Chem. 2025, 17, 246. doi: 10.1038/s41557-024-01689-5
11	Q. Xue, S. Li, Y. Zhao, P. Sheng, L. Xu, Z. Li, B. Zhang, H. Li, B. Wang, L. Yang, et al.. Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 2024, 40, 2303041. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202303041
12	H. Xiao, H. Zheng, P. Yuan, J. Luo, L. Shen, J. Tan, X. Luo, D. Li, Y. Chen. Rare Met. 2024, 43, 4274. doi: 10.1007/s12598-024-02716-7
13	M. Xu, M. Liu, Z. Yang, C. Wu, J. Qian. Acta Phys Chim Sin 2023, 39, 2210043. doi: 10.3866/pku.whxb202210043
14	H. Pei, R. Wang, Y. Li, Y. Xue, Y. Chen, J. Jiang, X. Kong, Q. Zhuang, Z. Ju. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2025, 690, 137359. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2025.137359
15	C. Chen, Y. Huang, Y. Zhu, Z. Zhang, Z. Guang, Z. Meng, P. Liu. ACS Sustain Chem. Eng. 2020, 8, 1497. doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b05948
16	A. Shivannanaik, B. Rameshkumar, Udayabhanu, P. Kalappa. Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 2025, 50, 296. doi: 10.1080/10408436.2024.2417174
17	Nagmani, A. Kumar, S. Puravankara. Battery Energy 2022, 1, 20220007. doi: 10.1002/bte2.20220007
18	T. Liu, X. Wang, Y. Han, Y. Wu, L. Zhang, J. Yu. Chem. Commun. 2023, 59, 14811. doi: 10.1039/D3CC05218D
19	X. Deng, Z. Chen, Y. Cao. Mater. Today Chem. 2018, 9, 114. doi: 10.1016/j.mtchem.2018.06.002
20	Y. Ma, L. Zhang, Z. Yan, B. Cheng, J. Yu, T. Liu. Adv. Energy Mater. 2022, 12, 2103820. doi: 10.1002/aenm.202103820
21	Z. Zhang, H.-Y. Sun, Y. Chen, Y. Zhao, M. Zhang, C. Li, Y. Sun, Z.-H. Gao, H. Li, Y. Jiang. Rare Met. 2023, 42, 4039. doi: 10.1007/s12598-023-02449-z
22	X. Xu, J. Liu, J. Liu, L. Ouyang, R. Hu, H. Wang, L. Yang, M. Zhu. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, 1707573. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201707573
23	X. Hu, X. Liu, K. Chen, G. Wang, H. Wang. J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 11016. doi: 10.1039/C9TA01999E
24	M. Li, Z. Zhang, X. Ge, Z. Wei, Y. Yao, H. Chen, C. Wang, F. Du, G. Chen. Chem. Eng. J. 2018, 331, 203. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2017.08.077
25	Y. Zhang, P. Wang, Y. Yin, N. Liu, N. Song, L. Fan, N. Zhang, K. Sun. Carbon 2019, 150, 378. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2019.05.048
26	H. Zheng, D. Ma, M. Pei, C. Lin, Y. Liu, S. Deng, R. Qiu, Y. Luo, W. Yan, J. Zhang. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 35, 2411651. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202411651
27	L. Xu, X. Wang, G. Tang, B. Zhu, J. Yu, L. Zhang, T. Liu. Rare Met. 2025, 44, 185. doi: 10.1007/s12598-024-02956-7
28	W. Wang, J. Chen, J. Ouyang, H. Yin, A. Li, L. Chen, J. Huang, Y. Zhu, G. Li, Z. Hou. Rare Met. 2024, 43, 3019. doi: 10.1007/s12598-024-02662-4
29	S. Hou, F. Xie, X. Wang, L. Zhang, X. Nie, J. Yu, T. Liu. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2025, 680, 334. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.11.012
30	F. Fu, M. Hu, J. Key, P. K. Shen, J. Zhu. Carbon 2023, 215, 118469. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2023.118469
31	C. An, Y. Li, S. Wu, L. Gao, L. Lin, Q. Deng, N. Hu. Rare Met. 2023, 42, 1959. doi: 10.1007/s12598-022-02233-5
32	X. Xiao, J. Li, X. Meng, J. Qiu. Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 2024, 40, 2307006. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202307006
33	D. A. Stevens, J. R. Dahn. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2000, 147, 1271. doi: 10.1149/1.1393348
34	S. Alvin, H. S. Cahyadi, J. Hwang, W. Chang, S. K. Kwak, J. Kim. Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 2000283. doi: 10.1002/aenm.202000283
35	Y. Du, Y. Qiu, R. Zhuang, X. Jing, D. Liu, X. Peng, L. Yan, F. Xu. Carbon 2024, 221, 118929. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2024.118929
36	D. Alvira, D. Antorán, J. Manyà. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 447, 137468. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.137468
37	J. Peng, H. Wang, X. Shi, H. J. Fan. Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, 2410326. doi: 10.1002/adma.202410326
38	C. Nita, B. Zhang, J. Dentzer, C. M. Ghimbeu. J. Energy Chem. 2021, 58, 207. doi: 10.1016/j.jechem.2020.08.065
39	Y. Wang, Z. Yi, L. Xie, Y. Mao, W. Ji, Z. Liu, X. Wei, F. Su, C. Chen. Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, 2401249. doi: 10.1002/adma.202401249
40	S. Pothaya, C. Poochai, N. Tammanoon, Y. Chuminjak, T. Kongthong, T. Lomas, C. Sriprachuabwong, A. Tuantranont. Rare Met. 2024, 43, 124. doi: 10.1007/s12598-023-02414-w
41	L. Zhou, Y. Cui, P. Niu, L. Ge, R. Zheng, S. Liang, W. Xing. Carbon 2025, 231, 119733. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2024.119733
42	Z. Wang, Y. Li, H. Tang, D. Luo, J. Huang, B. Ye, W. Yan, G. Liu, Y. Yang. Ind. Crops Prod. 2025, 226, 120748. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.120748
43	S. Wang, L. Wang, Z. Sun, S. Wang, C. Shen, Y. Tang, K. Kida. Bioresour. Technol. 2021, 337, 125492. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125492
44	Y. Liu, S. Liu, C. Huang, X. Ge, B. Xi, J. Mao. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2022, 176, 105900. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105900
45	R. He, Y. Yang, Y. Li, M. Yang, L. Kong, F. Yang. Molecules 2023, 28, 7492. doi: 10.3390/molecules28227492
46	Y. Xin, Y. Ge, Z. Li, Q. Zhang, H. Tian. Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 2024, 40, 2303060. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202303060
47	L. Xu, B. Feng, Y. Su, Q. Hu, G. Liu, Y.-J. Bai, S. Chang, X. Wang, D. Rodrigue, J. Hu, et al.. Rare Met. 2024, 43, 6362. doi: 10.1007/s12598-024-02763-0
48	J. Meng, J. Li, J. Liu, X. Zhang, G. Jiang, L. Ma, Z.-Y. Hu, S. Xi, Y. Zhao, M. Yan, et al.. ACS Cent. Sci. 2020, 6, 1431. doi: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00458
49	Z. Yang, P. Zhao, X. He, Q. Chen, Y. Zhang, C. Li, W. Chen, Y. Liang, X. Wu, S. Chou. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2025, 695, 137701. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2025.137701
50	G. Pan, R. Zhao, Z. Huang, C. Cui, F. Wang, Y. Gu, Y. Gao, Z. Sun, T. Zhang. Carbon 2024, 224, 118955. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2024.118955
51	J. Liu, B. Sun, Y. Xu, J. Wang, S. Liang, J. Wang, J. Zhang, Z. Yang, H. Yang, J. Yang, et al.. Small 2025, 21, e04810. doi: 10.1002/smll.202504810
52	Y. Zhao, J. Zheng, Y. Zhao, K. Zhang, W. Fu, G. Wang, H. Wang, Y. Hao, Z. Lin, X. Cao, et al.. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2024, 668, 202. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.148
53	C. Sun, F. Gao, J. Wu, Y. Yang, Q. Sun. Carbon 2025, 232, 119771. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2024.119771
54	L. Yang, M. Hu, H. Zhang, W. Yang, R. Lv. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2020, 566, 257. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.01.085
55	K. Xiao, P. Wang, J. Bai, Y. Liu, S. Wang, S. Qiu, X. Wang, X. Zhu, B. Zhao, Y. Sun. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2025, 686, 267. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2025.01.220
56	Q. He, H. Chen, X. Chen, J. Zheng, L. Que, F. Yu, J. Zhao, Y. Xie, M. Huang, C. Lu, et al.. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2310226. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202310226
57	M. Inaba, H. Yoshida, Z. Ogumi. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1996, 143, 2572. doi: 10.1149/1.1837049
58	D. Bin, Y. Li, Y. Sun, S. Duan, Y. Lu, J. Ma, A. Cao, Y. Hu, L. Wan. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2018, 8, 1800855. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201800855
59	M. Anji Reddy, M. Helen, A. Groß M. Fichtner, H. Euchner. ACS Energy Lett. 2018, 3, 2851. doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.8b01761
60	Y. Wang, Z. Yi, S. Zhang, Y. Mao, L. Li, H. Liu, Z. Liu, L. Xie, F. Su. Small 2025, 21, e06923. doi: 10.1002/smll.202506923
61	W. Weppner, R. A. Huggins. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1977, 124, 1569. doi: 10.1149/1.2133112
62	Y. Ji, S. Li, T. Yuan, Q. Shi, X. Hu, Q. Shao, W. Feng, Y. Zhao. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2025, 677, 719. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.08.051
63	C. An, T. Liu. Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 2025, 41, 100101. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100101
64	Z. Tang, H. Wang, P. Wu, S. Zhou, Y. Huang, R. Zhang, D. Sun, Y. Tang, H. Wang. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2022, 61, e202200475. doi: 10.1002/anie.202200475
65	M. Gabrijelčič B. Tratnik, G. Kapun, E. Tchernychova, N. Zabukovec Logar, A. Krajnc, R. Dominko, A. Vizintin. J. Mater. Chem. A 2025, 13, 1042. doi: 10.1039/D4TA07135B
66	W. Yu, Z. Yu, Y. Cui, Z. Bao. ACS Energy Lett. 2022, 7, 3270. doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.2c01587

[1]	Huayan Liu, Yifei Chen, Mengzhao Yang, Jiajun Gu. Strategies for enhancing capacity and rate performance of two-dimensional material-based supercapacitors [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2025, 41(6): 100063-.
[2]	Wenhui Li, Yakun Tang, Yusheng Zhou, Yue Zhang, Wenhai Zhang, Qingtao Ma, Lang Liu, Sen Dong, Yuliang Cao. Enhanced sodium storage performance of asphalt-derived hard carbon through intramolecular oxidation for high-performance sodium-ion batteries [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2025, 41(10): 100119-.
[3]	Guoyong Xue, Jing Li, Junchao Chen, Daiqian Chen, Chenji Hu, Lingfei Tang, Bowen Chen, Ruowei Yi, Yanbin Shen, Liwei Chen. A Single-Ion Polymer Superionic Conductor [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2023, 39(8): 2205012-0.
[4]	Feng Wei,Honghui Bi,Shuai Jiao,Xiaojun He. Interconnected Graphene-like Nanosheets for Supercapacitors [J]. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2020, 36(2): 1903043-.
[5]	Zhenjie CHENG, Yayun MAO, Qingyu DONG, Feng JIN, Yanbin SHEN, Liwei CHEN. Fluoroethylene Carbonate as an Additive for Sodium-Ion Batteries: Effect on the Sodium Cathode [J]. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 2019, 35(8): 868-875.
[6]	ZHANG Chuan-Xiang, ZHANG Xiao-Xue, TAO Hai-Jun. Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of MoS₂/Graphene Composites with Petal-Shaped Microspheres [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2014, 30(10): 1963-1969.
[7]	ZHANG Shu-Ping; NI Jiang-Feng; ZHOU Heng-Hui; ZHANG Zhan-Jun. Controllable Synthesis of Regular LiFePO₄ Particles via Solvothermal Reaction [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2007, 23(06): 830-834.
[8]	Niu Zhen-Jiang;Wu Ting-Hua;Li Ze-Lin. In situ XRD Investigation on the Crystallization Behaviors of Electroless High-Phosphorous Ni-P Alloys [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2003, 19(08): 705-708.

Corn-distillers-derived hard carbon: a sustainable high-rate, long-life anode for sodium-ion batteries

RichHTML

Full text @ ScienceDirect

Like

Supplement

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 5

References 66

Related Articles 8

Metrics

Recommended 0