超临界二氧化碳发泡聚合物复合材料在电磁防护中的进展：从合理结构设计到以吸收为主导的性能

doi:10.1016/j.actphy.2026.100300

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

泡孔结构决定了聚合物基体与功能网络的空间分布，是优化材料与电磁波相互作用的决定性因素。近年来，超临界二氧化碳(scCO₂)发泡技术凭借其独特的气体模板导向下的分子与填料重组能力，能够制备微观结构精确可控的轻质多孔材料，其性能明显优于传统实心复合材料或化学发泡材料。因此，该技术已成为电磁防护领域一种具有变革意义的制备策略。基于此，scCO₂发泡技术为开发具有可调谐介电性能和增强阻抗匹配的高性能电磁干扰(EMI)屏蔽与微波吸收材料提供了一个多功能平台。本综述重点介绍了电磁防护用scCO₂发泡聚合物复合材料的最新研究进展。本文全面总结了其基础发泡机理，系统探讨了柔性与刚性泡沫体系(涵盖从单层纳米复合材料到复杂的梯度及多层结构)的结构演变过程，并论证了其通过内部多次反射和散射等机制所带来的耗散能力的提升。最后，本文探讨了该领域面临的挑战与未来发展方向，包括建立严密的“结构-工艺-性能”关联机制、结合多物理场仿真进行逆向结构设计，以及开发可持续的闭环材料生命周期。这些探讨旨在为下一代吸收主导型电磁防护材料的理性设计提供理论基础与技术指导。

关键词: 超临界CO₂发泡, 电磁防护, 聚合物复合材料, 泡孔结构

Abstract:

Cellular architecture, which dictates the spatial distribution of polymer matrices and functional networks, is a critical determinant in optimizing the interaction between materials and electromagnetic waves. Recently, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) foaming technology has emerged as a transformative fabrication strategy in the field of electromagnetic protection, since its unique gas-templated molecular and filler reorganization capabilities enable the synthesis of lightweight porous materials with precise microstructural control that are superior to conventional solid composites or chemically blown counterparts. Therefore, scCO₂ foaming provides a versatile platform for developing high-performance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and microwave absorption materials with tunable dielectric properties and enhanced impedance matching. This review focuses on the recent advances in scCO₂-foamed polymer composites for electromagnetic protection. It provides a comprehensive summary of fundamental foaming mechanisms, systematically examines the structural evolution of both flexible and rigid foam systems, ranging from single-layer nanocomposites to sophisticated gradient and multilayered architectures, and demonstrates their enhanced dissipation capabilities through mechanisms such as multiple internal reflections and scattering. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future directions for this field, including establishing rigorous “structure-process-property” correlations, integrating multiphysics simulations for inverse structural design, and developing sustainable, closed-loop material lifecycles. These efforts aim to provide theoretical and technical guidance on the rational design of next-generation, absorption-dominated electromagnetic protective materials.

Key words: Supercritical CO₂ foaming, Electromagnetic protection, Polymer composites, Cellular architecture

侯洪波, 杨倩, 高亿, 欧洋, 王壮, 易顺, 何静峰, 马栎, 孟凡彬. 超临界二氧化碳发泡聚合物复合材料在电磁防护中的进展：从合理结构设计到以吸收为主导的性能[J]. 物理化学学报, 2026, 42(10), 100300. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2026.100300

Hongbo Hou, Qian Yang, Yi Gao, Yang Ou, Zhuang Wang, Shun Yi, Jingfeng He, Li Ma, Fanbin Meng. Progress in supercritical CO₂ foamed polymer composites for electromagnetic protection: from rational structural design to absorption-dominated performance[J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2026, 42(10), 100300. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2026.100300

链接本文: https://www.whxb.pku.edu.cn/CN/10.1016/j.actphy.2026.100300

https://www.whxb.pku.edu.cn/CN/Y2026/V42/I10/100300

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Type	Matrix/Filler	Key Achievement/Mechanism	Ref.
Flexible	TPU/CNT	Frequency tunability	[79]
Single-Layer	TPU/CNT	Absorption coefficient: 0.75	[84]
	PVDF/CNF	EMI SE increase: +46.4%	[53]
	PVDF/Fe₃O₄/CNT	Specific SE: 275 dB/(g cm⁻²)	[86]
Flexible	PVDF/CNT	EMI SE increase: +34%	[89]
Multi-Layer	PBAT/CNT	EMI SE increase: +125%	[90]
	PVDF/Fe+MWCNT	Reflectivity < 0.12	[91]
	PBAT/Fe₃O₄@MWCNT/Ag	EMI SE: 68 dB (Durable 500 cycles)	[93]
Rigid Single-Layer	PLA/CNT	EMI SE: 20.1 dB	[94]
	PEEK/CNT	SSE increase: +795.6 %	[97]
	PA6/CNT	RL: −71.8 dB (Full Ku-Band Cover)	[99]
	PA/SWCNT+EGaln Liq.Metal	Specific SE: 157 dB/(g cm⁻³)	[102]
Rigid	ABS/CNT	Absorption Coefficient 0.90	[107]
Multi-Layer	Polymer/CFC	Specific SE 1060 dB/(g cm⁻²)	[110]