Fig 1

(a) Schematic diagram of chemical/electrochemical interface problems; (b) schematic diagram of physical interface problems."

Fig 2

Schematic diagram of interface optimization strategies for solid-state lithium batteries."

Fig 3

(a) EIS plots of solid-state-batteries using the bare NCM85 and ZrO2-NCM85 after 60 cycles at 0.2C current density 26; (b) schematic diagram of physical interface problems 26; (c) schematic illustration of the design principle and functions of PVDF-LPPO 34; (d) voltage profiles for cells with PEO as the catholyte and separator and (e) the DPLE cell with PPC as the catholyte and PEO as the electrolyte separator 35. (a, b) Adapted with permission from Ref. 26, Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. (c) Adapted with permission from Ref. 34. Copyright 2022, Elsevier B.V. (d, e) Adapted with permission from Ref. 35, Copyright 2022, Royal Society of Chemistry."

Fig 4

(a) Schematic diagrams of solid Li-metal battery with ASEs as electrolyte 44; (b) EIS plot of the LFP/ASE/Li and LFP/LLZTO/Li battery at 55 ℃ 44; (c) schematic illustration for the synthesis route of functional GCPE film 46; (d) cycling stability with Coulombic efficiency of Li/GCPE/LFP and Li/HCPE/LFP cells at 60 ℃ 46; (e) XPS results of the product collected after the reaction between Al2O3 and Li 47; (f) schematic showing ion transport for robust and Li-ion conductive Li/ Li3PO4@LLZTO interface 49; (g) comparison of the wetting behaviors of molten metal lithium on LLZWO ceramics with and without graphite-based interface layer 50. (a, b) Adapted with permission from Ref. 44, Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. (c, d) Adapted with permission from Ref. 46, Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. (e) Adapted with permission from Ref. 47, Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. (f) Adapted with permission from Ref. 49, Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. (g) Adapted with permission from Ref. 50, Copyright 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry."

Fig 5

(a) Initial charge-discharge profiles at 0.1C rate for all-solid-state-batteries using the NCM-L, NCM-M, and NCM-S 52; (b) rietveld plots of ex-situ XRD data for charged cathode composites using NCM-L, NCM-M, and NCM-S 52; (c) mean ionic and electronic conductivities of all-solid-state-batteries cathode composites using NCM-L, NCM-M, and NCM-S 52; (d) the effect of λ on θCAM at fixed fCAM (70%) 53; (e) the schematic diagram of the microstructure of composite cathodes 55; (f) schematic of a solid-state full battery 56; (g) galvanostatic charge/discharge voltage profiles of thick LiFePO4 solid-state cathodes made with or without Li-Cu-CNF ion-conducting binder 56; (h) ionic conductivity of LiFePO4 cathodes made with different amounts of Li-Cu-CNF 56. (a–c) Adapted with permission from Ref. 52, Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. (d) Adapted with permission from Ref. 53, Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. (e) Adapted with permission from Ref. 55, Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. (f–h) Adapted with permission from Ref. 56, Copyright 2021, Nature Publishing Group."

Fig 6

(a) Schematic diagram of the solid-state batteries of different structures 58; (b) schematic diagrams of melt infiltration process 60; (c) schematic showing the in-situ polymerization process 61. (a) Adapted with permission from Ref. 58. Copyright 2021, Elsevier B.V. (b) Adapted with permission from Ref. 60, Copyright 2021, Nature Publishing Group. (c) Adapted with permission from Ref. 61, Copyright 2022, Royal Society of Chemistry."

Fig 7

(a) Reconstructed 3D structure of the pristine cathode 62; (b) reconstructed 3D structure after 50 cycles under 2 MPa 62; (c) reconstructed 3D structure after 50 cycles under 10 MPa 62; (d) schematic diagram of Li metal/Li6PS5Cl interface cycled at an overall current density above the critical current for stripping 40; (e) normalized voltage of Li symmetric cells as a function of time during plating and stripping at different stack pressures 64. (a–c) Adapted with permission from Ref. 62. Copyright 2022, Elsevier B.V. (d) Adapted with permission from Ref. 40, Copyright 2019, Nature Publishing Group. (e) Adapted with permission from Ref. 64, Copyright 2020, Royal Society of Chemistry."

Fig 8

(a) Simulation of Li-ion transport kinetics in the traditional-LFP and aligned-LFP samples 66; (b) schematic showing the preparation process of 3D integrated electrode 67; (c) schematic diagram of the fabrication procedure for the 3D LixMnO2 nanosheet arrays 68; (d) comparison of the cycle performances of the 3DLMO-TFB, 2DMO-TFB and 3DMO-LIB 68. (a) Adapted with permission from Ref. 66. Copyright 2022, Elsevier B.V. (b) Adapted with permission from Ref. 67, Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. (c, d) Adapted with permission from Ref. 68, Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA."