锌-空气电池隔膜的关键作用及其最新研究进展

doi:10.3866/PKU.WHXB202307017

Abstract

Abstract:

Amidst widespread consumption and the scarcity of non-renewable fossil fuels, the advancement of clean energy sources like solar and wind energy holds immense significance. Nevertheless, these clean energy sources grapple with unstable power supply, underscoring the pressing need for the enhancement of large-scale energy conversion and storage devices. Zinc-air batteries, boasting high energy density, safety, affordability, ease of assembly, eco-friendliness, and abundant zinc metal resources, exhibit promising potential as energy storage and conversion solutions. Nevertheless, various challenges persist in their application, including a limited cycle life and inadequate power density. Throughout the charge and discharge cycles, factors such as the dendritic growth of the zinc negative electrode, the formation of ZnO passivation layers, electrolyte evaporation, and side reactions involving the diffusion of zincate ions to the positive electrode collectively exert influence on the performance of zinc-air batteries. The separator plays a crucial role in zinc-air batteries by isolating the positive and negative electrodes to prevent short circuits, and these aforementioned issues can be resolved through optimization of the design. Until now, the commonly employed separators in zinc-air batteries can be categorized into various types: standard porous separators, anion exchange membranes, polymer gel electrolyte membranes, and composite membranes comprising diverse polymer compositions. Among these, within the context of separator research, porous separators of the polyolefin type are generally utilized in aqueous alkaline zinc-air batteries. Nevertheless, their pronounced hydrophobic nature results in markedly diminished ion conductivity. Conversely, gel-based solid-state or semi-solid-state electrolyte membranes are tailored for flexible electronic device applications. This adaptation ensures that zinc-air batteries uphold favorable electrochemical performance even under deformation conditions, simultaneously addressing the challenge of electrolyte volatilization to a certain degree. Fundamental attributes of the separator, such as pore size, hydrophilicity, and other properties, significantly impact the battery's lifespan and charge/discharge performance. Nevertheless, research on separators and their modifications to enhance zinc-air battery performance, along with the underlying principles, lags behind other aspects of zinc-air battery research, presenting ample room for advancement. This review offers a concise overview of zinc-air battery development, using aqueous alkaline zinc-air batteries as an example to elucidate their operational principles. The objective is to grasp the challenges leading to battery failure in different components and to particularly analyze how separator performance influences overall battery efficiency. This includes aspects such as ion selectivity, ion conductivity, stability, and water retention of the separator. The overview is divided into two main sections: (1) elucidating the fundamental structure and operational principles of the zinc-air battery, and (2) comprehensively exploring the fundamental attributes of the separator and its pivotal function within the zinc-air battery. The research progress and perspective for the development of zinc-air battery separators are also discussed and anticipated.

Key words: Separator, Ion selectivity, Ion conductivity, Stability, Zinc-air battery

Meng-Yin Wang, Ruo-Bei Huang, Jian-Feng Xiong, Jing-Hua Tian, Jian-Feng Li, Zhong-Qun Tian. Critical Role and Recent Development of Separator in Zinc-Air Batteries[J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2024, 40(6), 2307017. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202307017

Figures/Tables 8

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Parameter	Description, target value	Property
Thickness	Separator thickness < 25 μm	Mechanical
Tensile strength	≈ 95 MPa
Puncture strength	> 300 g/25.4 μm
Gurley	Air permeability ≈ 25 s·mL⁻¹	Electrochemical
MacMullin number	Resistance ratio, ≤ 11
Wettability	Fast and complete wetting in electrolytes
Chemical stability	Long term stability in batteries, ≈ 10 years
Pore size	Small pores that direct electrode contact is avoided, < 1 μm
Porosity	Volumetric separator ratio with and without pores, ≈ 40%
Dimensional stability	Shrinkage at 200 ℃, < 5%	Thermal
Shut down temperature	130 ℃	Thermal

Separator	Diffusion coefficient of [Zn(OH)₄]²⁻ (cm²·min⁻¹)	σ(OH⁻) (S·cm⁻¹)	Stability	Mechanical property	Performance	Ref.
PPO–TMA	1.13 × 10⁻⁸	1.737 × 10⁻²	chemical: soaked in KOH, 7 mol·L⁻¹ solution for 150 h at 30 ℃ thermal: ~180–250 ℃ electrochemical: stability window was measured to be 4 V	–	803 mAh·g_Zn⁻¹ 932 mWh·g_Zn⁻¹ (15 mA·cm⁻² at 0.9 V cut-off voltage)	61
PBE(Nafion-PVA/PAA)	4.1 × 10⁻⁷	6.6 × 10⁻³	Good electrochemical stability	tensile modulus 973.1 MPa	~41.6 h (20 mA·cm⁻², 10 min each cycle)	47
PVA/PAA	–	0.301	Stable in Al\|PVA/PAA\|Al cell with cyclic sweeping range from −1.5 to +1.5 V	–	50 mW·cm⁻²	70
RDC/N-PAA/KOH	–	0.430	−0.8 – +0.8 V	tensile strength 381.43 kPa	round-trip efficiency (69.36%) and longer cycle times (11 h). 40.25 mW∙cm⁻² and 731.5 mAh∙g⁻¹ (2 mA∙cm⁻²)	71
PAM-based AGEs	–	0.2156	–	repeatable mechanical bending and pounding	105 mW∙cm⁻² 140 cycles (~23.3 h) (5 mA∙cm⁻², 10 min each cycle)	72
CCNF-PDIL SSEs	–	0.2865	–	maximum stress of 105 MPa by virtue of the reinforced concrete architecture	720 cycles (240 h) (2 mA·cm⁻², 10 min each cycle) 135 mW∙cm⁻² (current density of 220 mA·cm⁻²)	55
BC/PVA	–	8.08 × 10⁻²	high thermal/chemical stability	tensile strength 0.951 MPa	650 cycles (> 440 h) (0.5 mA·cm⁻², 40 min per cycle)	81
TEAOH-PVA	–	3.0 × 10⁻²	better thermal stability than the KOH-PVA electrolyte	good mechanical flexibility	74.1 mW∙cm⁻² Over 30 h (20 min, 5 mA⋅cm⁻³) Shelf Life: 15 days	88
Celgard®3501 (reference)	2.324 × 10⁻⁵	1.28 × 10⁻²	Non stable in −0.9 – 0.9 V (vs. Pt/Pt²⁺)	Tensile Modulus 751.4 MPa	15 h (20 mA·cm⁻², each cycle 10 min)	47

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Critical Role and Recent Development of Separator in Zinc-Air Batteries

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