熵增工程在电催化反应中的研究进展

doi:10.3866/PKU.WHXB202307057

Abstract

Abstract:

As for the accurate synthesis of high-performance electrochemical catalysts with good robustness, the rational design on atomic level is still a priority. Entropy, as one of the most significant thermodynamic parameters, measure the disorder of a system, which is a significant quantity for materials. The values are primarily determined by the crystal structure, magnetic moments and the atomic and electronic vibrations of the materials. According to the configurational entropy of the system, we usually divide the material into low entropy materials (LEMs) (ΔS_mix < 1R), medium entropy materials (MEMs) (1R ≤ ΔS_mix ≥ 1.5R) and high entropy materials (HEMs) (ΔS_mix > 1.5R), where R is the gas molar constant. HEMs are those that consist of five or more major elements of roughly equal proportion, in a highly uniform, random manner, which typically consist of one or two major elements compared to traditional materials. As the entropy value increases, the intrinsic physical, chemical and structural properties of the material change accordingly, resulting in special physicochemical properties (e.g., strength, electrical conductivity, corrosion resistance, etc.). Moreover, due to its multi-element combination, the HEMs can be precisely regulated by selecting different elements and their ratios according to the needs, which overcomes the limitations of the traditional catalysts in terms of relatively single component, structure and field of application. Importantly, the synergistic high entropy effect and multi-component arrangement at the atomic-level interface produced by the coexistence of different metal elements in HEMs can exert higher catalytic activity, selectivity and stability in different reactions. This has attracted a lot of attention from researchers, especially in the field of electrocatalysis. In this review systematically summarizes the fundamental concepts of high-entropy catalysts (HECs), synthetic approaches ("top-down" and "bottom-up"), and the structure-performance relationships of HEMs in different types of electrocatalytic processes, mainly including hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), alcohol oxidation reaction (AOR), nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR), and carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO₂RR) etc. Thus, the advantages and potential of high-performance electrocatalysts based on entropy increase engineering are illuminate. At the same time, it is summarized and discussed that HECs are currently facing problems and challenges such as complicated material rational design, complex preparation process, the mechanism of electrocatalytic processes in which multiple metal elements interact is ambiguous, and poor stability under extreme reaction conditions. Finally, the main problems and challenges facing the current HECs research. We look forward to the future design ideas, synthesis methods different research areas and industrial applications of HECs based on entropy enhancement engineering.

Key words: Entropy production, Synthesis, Electrochemistry, High-entropy catalyst, Electrocatalysis

Xinyi Zhang, Kai Ren, Yanning Liu, Zhenyi Gu, Zhixiong Huang, Shuohang Zheng, Xiaotong Wang, Jinzhi Guo, Igor V. Zatovsky, Junming Cao, Xinglong Wu. Progress on Entropy Production Engineering for Electrochemical Catalysis[J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2024, 40(7), 2307057. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202307057

Figures/Tables 16

Fig 1

Fig 2

Fig 3

Fig 4

Table 1

Fig 5

Fig 6

Fig 7

Table 2

Summary of the electrocatalytic performance of high-entropy catalysts."

Reaction	Composition	Structural feature	Overpotential/mV	Tafel slope/(mV∙dec⁻¹)	Electrolyte	Ref.
HER	CuAlNiMoFe	nanoporous	56 (100 mA∙cm⁻²)	60	1.0 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	93
	CuAlNiMoFe	nanoporous	23	50	1.0 mol∙L⁻¹ PBS	93
	Co_0.6(VMnNiZn)_0.4PS₃	nanosheets	65.9	65.5	1.0 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	94
	PtCoMoPdRh	nanoflowers	16.5	26.8	1.0 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	95
	PdMoGaInNi	nanosheets	13	93.1	0.5 mol∙L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	96
	PtPdRhIrRu	nanocrystals	36.3	33.0	1.0 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	97
	NiCoFePtRh	nanoparticles	27	30.1	0.5 mol∙L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	98
	FeCoNiCuMn	nanoparticles	281 (100 mA∙cm^–2])	53	1.0 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	65
	PtPdRhRuCu	mesoporous nanospheres	10	87	1.0 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	99
			13		0.5 mol∙L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	99
			28		1.0 mol∙L⁻¹ PBS	99
Reaction	Composition	Structural feature	Overpotential/mV	Tafel slope/(mV∙dec⁻¹)	Electrolyte	Ref.
OER	Ag@CoCuFeAgMoOOH		281 (100 mA∙cm^–2])	35.3	1.0 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	100
	CoCuFeMoOOH@Cu	nanosheets	199	48.8	1.0 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	101
	FeNiCoCrMnV	nanoparticles	220	45	1.0 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	102
	FeCoNiCrMo	plate	281 (100 mA∙cm^–2])	38.5	1.0 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	103
	FeNiCoCrMnS₂	spherical	199	39.1	1.0 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	104
	IrFeCoNiCu	nanoparticles	302	58	0.1 mol∙L⁻¹ HClO₄	105
	FeCoNiIrRu	nanoparticles	241	153	0.5 mol∙L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	106
	CoFeNiMoWTe	nanospheres	373	40.6	0.5 mol∙L⁻¹ H₂SO₄	107
	K_0.8Na_0.2(MgMnFeCoNi)F₃	cubic	314	55	1.0 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	108
Reaction	Composition	Structural feature	E_1/2 (vs RHE)/V	Mass activity	Electrolyte	Ref.
ORR	PtFeCoNiCuZn	nanocrystals	0.898	0.48 A mg^–1]	0.1 mol∙L⁻¹ HClO₄	109
	FeCoNiCuPd	nanoparticles	0.90	2.04 A mg^–1]	0.1 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	110
	PtPdIrRuAg	ribbons	0.93	3.642.04 A mg^–1]	0.1 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	60
	AlNiCoRuMo		0.875	0.81 A mg^–1]	0.1 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	52
	AlNiCoRuMoCrFeTi		0.87		0.1 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	74
Reaction	Composition	Structural feature	Mass activity	Electrolyte		Ref.
AOR	FeCoNiSn@Pd	nanoparticles	7.34 A∙mg⁻¹	1.0 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH + 1.0 mol∙L⁻¹ C₂H₅OH		111
	PtPdRuIrOs	nanoparticles	1.65A∙mg⁻¹	0.1 mol∙L⁻¹ HClO₄ + 1.0 mol∙L⁻¹ C₂H₅OH		112
	np-AlPdNiCuMo	nanoporous	7.34 A∙mg⁻¹	0.5 mol∙L⁻¹ H₂SO₄ + 0.5 mol∙L⁻¹ C₂H₅OH		51
	PtRhBiSnSb	nanoplates	19.529 A∙mg⁻¹	1.0 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH + 1.0 mol∙L⁻¹ CH₃OH		113
			15.558 A∙mg⁻¹	1.0 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH + 1.0 mol∙L⁻¹ C₂H₅OH		113
			7.535 A∙mg⁻¹	1.0 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH + 1.0 mol∙L⁻¹ C₃H₈O₃		113
	PtBiPbNiCo	nanoplates	7.1 A∙mg⁻¹	0.5 mol∙L⁻¹ H₂SO₄ +0.5 mol∙L⁻¹ CH₂O₂		114
Reaction	Composition	Structural feature	NH₃ yield	Faraday efficiency (FE)	Electrolyte	Ref.
NRR	((NiFeCoMnV)₃O₄	nanospheres	47.58 µg∙h⁻¹∙mg⁻¹	10.74%	1.0 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	115
	RuFeCoNiCu	nanoparticles	57.1 µg∙h⁻¹∙mg⁻¹	38.5	1.0 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH	116
			52.6 µg∙h⁻¹∙mg⁻¹	27.6%	0.1 mol∙L⁻¹ Li₂SO₄	116
			47.2 µg∙h⁻¹∙mg⁻¹	21.2%	0.1 mol∙L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄	116
			37.1 µg∙h⁻¹∙mg⁻¹	7.7%	0.1 mol∙L⁻¹ HCl	116
Reaction	Composition	Structural feature	products	Faraday efficiency (FE)	Electrolyte	Ref.
CO₂RR	PdCuAuAgBiIn	aerogels	HCOOH	98.1%	0.1 mol∙L⁻¹ KHCO₃	66
CO₂RR	(MoWVNbTa)S₂	nanoflowers	CO	91%	1 mol∙L⁻¹ KOH+1 mol∙L⁻¹ choline chloride	117

Table 2

Fig 8

Fig 9

Fig 10

Fig 11

Fig 12

Fig 13

Fig 14

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Synthesis routes	Synthesis	Characteristic	Example catalysts	Application	Refs.
Top-down routes	Melting and casting techniques		(CrFeCoNi)₉₇O₃	OER	48
	Plasma	Ultra small particles	FeCrCoNiCu)₃O₄	HMF oxidation	49
	Mechanochemistry	Solution-free, energy-saving, high-productivity, and low-temperature process	(NiMgCuZnCo)O	CO₂RR	39
			HE-ZIF-BM	CO₂RR	50
			(FeMnNiCoCr)₃S₂	Li-ion batteries
	Dealloying	Low cost, scalable fabrication, controllable structure	AlNiCoRuMoCrFeTi	ORR	51
			Al-Ni-Co-Ru-X (X = Mo, Cu, V, Fe)	ORR	52
			PdPtCuNiP	HER	53
			FeCoNiAlTi
Bottom-up routes	Carbothermal shock	Ultrafast, single phase, and various compositions	RuIrCeNiWCuCrCo	Li-O₂	54
			PdCuPtNiCo	ORR	55
			PdCuPtNiFe
			PdCuPtNiRh
			PdCuPtNiIr
	Laser	Colloids	CoCrFeNiAl	OER
	Fast-moving bed	Ultrafast, single phase, and various compositions	FeCoPdPtIr	HER	56
	Microwave	Uniform heating, fast heating, and cooling rate	FeCoNi MnVO/Ti₃C₂T_x−0.5	OER	57
			PtPdFeCoNi		58
			IrRuCoNiCu	Overall water splitting	59
			PtRhCoNiCu	Overall water splitting	59
	Wet chemistry	Small particle size, high dispersion, and single crystal	PtPdIrRuAg	ORR	60
			IrPdPtRhRu	HER	61
			Pd@PdPtRhIrRu		62
			FeCoNiCuMn	ORR	63
	Electrostatically spun	Simplicity of installation, low cost, various compositions, synthetically controlled	FeCoNiIrRu	OER	64
	Electrostatically spun		FeCoNiCuMn	Overall water splitting	65
	Sol-gel	Low synthesis temperature, high dispersion	PdCuAuAgBiIn	CO₂RR	66
	Sol-gel	Low synthesis temperature, high dispersion	NiCoFeMnCrP	HER & OER
	Co-precipitation	Simple process, low cost and synthetically controlled	NiCoCuZnFe-PBA	Li-S	67

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