Fig 1

Schematic diagram of typical TAS equipment."

Fig 2

(a) Photoinduced process of AgIn5S8 [60], (b) Photocatalytic CO2 reduction pathways for samples with different sizes [62], (c, d) Recombination pathways for MIL-100(Fe) and InP QDs-S2−/MIL-100(Fe) [64]. (a) Adapted from Elsevier publisher. (b) Adapted from John Wiley and Sons publisher. (c, d) Adapted from John Wiley and Sons publisher."

Fig 3

(a) TA spectra of TpBpy and Re-TpBpy under 530 nm excitation and (b) 400 nm excitation, (c) Catalytic performance diagram of Re-TpBpy under different excitation conditions, (d) Mechanism diagram of catalytic performance of Re-TpBpy under different excitation conditions [68]. (a–d) Adapted from Springer Nature publisher."

Fig 4

(a) Photodynamic process of CdS and CdS@Pd-1.8 [74], (b) Schematic diagram of hole transfer of InP/ZnS QDs [15], (c) The influence of S2− on MPA capped CdSe QDs [77], (d) Schematic of the proposed valence change kinetics of OER catalytic cycle on Co3O4 [79]. (a) Adapted from American Chemical Society publisher. (b) Adapted from Springer Nature publisher. (c) Adapted from John Wiley and Sons publisher. (d) Adapted from American Chemical Society publisher."

Fig 5

(a) Transient absorption spectra of BiOI and (b) BN/BiOI, (c) The TAS kinetics and photophysical process of neat BiOI and BiOI/BN [84]. (a‒c) Adapted from John Wiley and Sons publisher."

Fig 6

(a) Comparison of TRIR spectra of CdS-T at different attenuation times and long-term in situ FTIR test, (b) TRIR kinetics at 2700 cm−1, (c) Catalytic dynamic mechanism [85]. (a–c) Adapted from John Wiley and Sons publisher."

Fig 7

(a) Schematic illustration of the AEP molecule structure and modification in PSC [94], (b) Schematic of the time-dependent temperature of the hot carrier, LO phonons, and LA phonons [96], (c) Charge recombination pathways in CISe (1 : 1), CISe/CIS (1 : 1), and CISe/CIS (4 : 1) quantum dots [98]. (a) Adapted from John Wiley and Sons publisher. (b) Adapted from American Chemical Society. (c) Adapted from Springer Nature publisher."

Fig 8

(a) Schematic diagram of charge composite pathway of PC71BM blends with different weight ratios, and (b) Evolution of the amplitudes among three decay components in the blend samples [108], (c) Effect of adding ITIC and PC71BM on charge carrier transfer process of blend films [109], (d) Comparison of blending effects of PM6 [110]. (d) Adapted from John Wiley and Sons publisher. (a, b) Adapted from John Wiley and Sons publisher. (c) Adapted from American Chemical Society."

Fig 9

(a) Schematic diagram of in situ TAS device, (b) Measured spectra on ternary P75:Y6:PC71BM device at open-circuit and forward-bias conditions when pumped at 800 nm, and (c) The proposed photophysics with regard to modified CTS by applying a bias in the blend films [118]. (a–c) Adapted from John Wiley and Sons publisher."