石墨烯在自供能传感系统中的应用

doi:10.3866/PKU.WHXB202012083

Abstract

Abstract:

The advancements in the development of intelligent systems have resulted in an increase in the number, density, and distribution range of sensors. Traditional energy supply methods cannot meet the demands of the complex and variable sensor systems. However, the emergence of self-powered sensing devices that generate energy from their surroundings has provided a solution to this problem. Graphene, which has both an excellent sensing performance and wide range of applications in energy devices, facilitates the design of self-powered sensing systems. In recent years, several graphene-based self-powered sensors have been developed to overcome the design limitations of sensing systems. In this review, these sensors are divided into five categories according to their different energy conversion methods. (1) Self-powered by the electrochemical effect. The traditional electrochemical battery can be designed as a flexible structure that is responsive to external stimuli, including pressure, deformation, humidity, light, and temperature. It is an effective, stable, self-driving sensor, with working life determined by the amount of oxidizing/reducing agent present and the reaction rate. Flexible electrochemical cells with a high strain sensitivity ((I/I₀)/ε = 124) and stretchability (2000%) have been achieved. (2) Self-powered by the photovoltaic effect. Graphene can form a Schottky junction when coupled with various semiconducting materials, such as Si, GaAs, MoS₂, and some of their nanostructures. In these heterostructures, the van der Waals interface exhibits a Schottky barrier, which can separate photogenerated electron-hole pairs without external bias. Graphene-based Schottky junctions have been widely used as self-powered photodetectors with extremely high responsivities (~149 A·W^-1). (3) Self-powered by the triboelectric effect. The contact and separation of two surfaces can result in the separation of charges due to the difference in electron affinities of the materials. This results in an induced electrostatic force between the electrodes, thereby driving the flow of electrons in an external circuit. Triboelectric nanogenerators can realize self-driving touch/pressure sensing and are used for several applications, including touch screens, neural finger skin, and electronic skin. (4) Self-powered by the hydrovoltaic effect. Graphene can interact with water at the solid-liquid interface and generate an electrical signal. Therefore, graphene-based hydrovoltaic devices can constitute very simple self-driving sensors that are efficient in determining fluid flow, solution concentration, and humidity, among others. (5) Self-powered by other effects, such as the thermoelectric effect, piezoelectric effect, or pyroelectric effect. Although the electrical signals generated by these effects are relatively weak, they can be used for some special applications, such as temperature or infrared sensors. Finally, we discuss the future developments, challenges, and prospects of graphene-based self-powered sensing devices and systems.

Key words: Graphene, Self-powered, Sensor, Flexible electronics, Intelligent system

Cong Hu, Junbin Hu, Mengran Liu, Yucheng Zhou, Jiasheng Rong, Jianxin Zhou. Applications of Graphene in Self-Powered Sensing Systems[J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2022, 38(1), 2012083. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202012083

Figures/Tables 8

Table 1

Graphene-based self-powered sensing systems."

Energy supply mechanisms	Type of sensors	Graphene materials	The roles of graphene
	Strain sensor ^21-23	Graphene foam, graphene-polymer composite film	Flexible piezoresistive electrode with high conductivity and strain sensitivity
	Humidity sensor ²⁴	Graphene oxide film	High specific surface area, surface functional groups that can rapidly capture and transfer water molecules
	Photodetector ^25-34	Monolayer / few-layer graphene	Coupling with other semiconductor surfaces to form various Schottky junctions
	Photodetector ^25-34	Monolayer / few-layer graphene	Transparent conductive electrode with excellent light transmission, conductivity and flexibility
	Gas sensor ³⁵	Graphene film	Doping effect on the adsorption of gas molecules
	Position sensor ³⁶	Reduced graphene oxide film	Lateral photovoltaic effect
	Deformation sensor ^37-39	Graphene quantum dot, film	Flexible conductive electrodes
	Pressure sensor ⁴⁰	Graphene foam	Highly sensitive piezoresistive performance
	Touch sensor ^{20, 41}	Monolayer graphene, interlocked percolative graphene	Building capacitive sensing arrays or piezoresistive sensing arrays
	Humidity sensor ⁴²	Graphene-SnS₂ composite	Moisture-sensitive conductive network
	Gas sensor ⁴³	Graphene-metal oxide composite	Gas-sensitive conductive network
	Fluid sensor ^{9, 44}	Monolayer graphene	Liquid flow-induced electricity (drawing potential)
	Concentration sensor ^{9, 18}	Monolayer graphene	Ion adsorption on liquid-graphene interface
	Humidity sensor ^45-47	Graphene oxide film or framework	Surface functional groups interact with ambient moisture to generate electric signal
	Strain sensor ⁴⁸	Graphene-polymer composite film	Thermoelectricity and excellent electromechanical coupling performance
	Temperature sensor ⁴⁹	Graphene-MoS₂ composite film	Thermoelectric and highly conductive layer
	Strain sensor ⁵⁰	rGO/carbon nanotube hybrid membrane	Highly flexible conductive electrodes

Table 1

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