MXenes基光催化剂的进展、挑战和展望

doi:10.3866/PKU.WHXB202306048

Abstract

Abstract:

With the advancement of science and technology, traditional energy sources such as oil and coal have been extensively depleted, leading to the emission of greenhouse gases like CO₂. Consequently, issues such as energy scarcity and drastic environmental changes have emerged as pressing concerns that threaten human survival and development. Photocatalysis offers a promising solution by harnessing solar energy for chemical energy conversion, yielding clean and sustainable products. It is widely regarded as an emerging approach to address the energy crisis and environmental challenges. To achieve high-efficiency photocatalytic reactions, the selection of appropriate catalysts and co-catalysts plays a pivotal role. However, conventional photocatalysts such as TiO₂, CdS, and g-C₃N₄ suffer from inherent limitations, including high charge recombination rates, low light utilization efficiency, poor stability, and sluggish charge transfer kinetics, which hinder the enhancement of photocatalytic efficiency. In this context, two-dimensional (2D) materials known as MXenes have gained prominence. These materials exhibit unique structural flexibility, diverse elemental compositions, superior conductivity, excellent carrier mobility, and abundant active sites, making them valuable co-catalysts in photocatalysis. MXenes accelerate interfacial charge transfer kinetics and mitigate charge recombination, enhancing the overall photocatalytic performance. This review provides a comprehensive overview of various methods employed to prepare high-quality MXenes under different conditions, such as water solution etching, water-free etching, and other physical methods. It also explores diverse strategies for constructing MXene-based composite photocatalytic systems, including in situ growth synthesis, in situ oxidation synthesis, and electrostatic self-assembly. Additionally, the review discusses various MXenes-based photosystems, such as MXene/TiO₂, MXene/CdS, MXene/g-C₃N₄, MXene/WO₃, and BiOBr/MXene/MMTex, and their applications in photocatalytic processes, including hydrogen production, CO₂ reduction, environmental remediation, nitrogen fixation, and sterilization. The critical role of MXenes as reduction co-catalysts in these photoredox catalysis reactions is thoroughly examined, along with an elucidation of the relationship between MXene electronic structure and charge transfer characteristics. Furthermore, the review addresses the challenges related to the stability of MXenes in photocatalytic reactions and offers insights into potential strategies to mitigate this issue. Finally, the development prospects and future challenges of MXene-based composites in the field of photocatalysis are presented, taking into consideration the inherent limitations of MXenes and the requirements for industrialization. It is expected that this review will provide valuable insights into the physicochemical properties of MXenes and inspire innovative approaches to the rational design of diverse MXene-based photosystems for heterogeneous photocatalysis across various applications.

Key words: MXenes, Two-dimensional, Charge transfer, Photoredox catalysis, Interface configuration

Yushan Cai, Fang-Xing Xiao. Revisiting MXenes-based Photocatalysis Landscape: Progress, Challenges, and Future Perspectives[J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2024, 40(8), 2306048. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202306048

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Precursor	Product	Synthesis method	Sacrificial reagent	Temperature/℃	Time	Ref.
Ti₂AlN	Ti₂N	Selective etching	HCl and KF	40	1 h	111
V₂AlN	V₂NT_x	Selective etching	LiF and HCl	40	3 h	112
Ti₃AlC₂	Ti₃C₂T_x	Selective etching	H₂SO₄ and H₂O₂	40	30 min	113
Cr₂AlC	Cr₂CT_x	Selective etching	LiF and diluted acid	30	30 min	114
Ti₃AlC₂	Ti₃C₂T_x	Iodine etching	Iodine nanocrystals and CH₃CN			115
Mo₂Ga₂C	Mo₂CT_x	Hydrothermal etching	NaOH	180	24 h	116
Mo-In-C non-MAX	Mo₂CT_x	UV-assisted safe etching	Concentrated phosphoric acid		3–5 h	114
Ti₃AlC₂	Ti₃C₂T_x	Hydrothermal	LiF and HCl	30	30 min	117
Ti₃AlC₂	Ti₃C₂T_x	Soft Delamination	HF and HCl	35		118
Ti₃AlC₂	Ti₃C₂T_x	Microwave‑assisted synthesis	LiF, HCl and TBAF			119
Ti₃AlC₂	Ti₃C₂T_x	Power-focused delamination	HCl and LiF	45	24 h	120
Ti₃AlC₂	Ti₃C₂T_x	Ion exchange approach	HF and HCl	50	72 h	121
Ti₃AlC₂	Ti₃C₂T_x	Acoustomicrofluidic Synthesis	HF and PTFE	30	24 h	122
Ti₃AlC₂	Ti₃C₂T_x	State-of-the-art approaches	LiF and HCl		5 min	123
Ti₃AlC₂	Ti₃C₂T_x	EN-MILD	LiF and HCl	40	30 min	124
Ti₃AlC₂	Ti₃C₂T_x	Salt-based method	LiF	80	15 min	125
Mo₂GaC	Mo₂C	UV-induced selective etching	Phosphoric acid		3–5 h	126
Mo₂Ga₂C	Mo₂C	Hydrothermal	LiF and HCl		30 min	127
Ti₃AlC₂	Ti₃C₂T_x	Solution-phase flocculation	HF	30	72 h	128
Ti₂SC	Ti₂CT_x	Thermal reduction		900	30 min	129

Catalyst	Co-catalyst	Synthetic method	Light range	Degraded substances	Time	Degree	Ref.
CuO	Ti₃C₂T_x	Hydrothermal	Visible light	MB	80 min	99%	228
CuFe₂O₄	Ti₃C₂T_x	Self-assembly		MB	40 min	94%	229
BiOCl-PPy	Ti₃C₂T_x	Self-assembly		Antibiotics	60 min	96%	227
NiFe₂O₄/V₂O₅	Ti₃C₂T_x	Self-assembly		RhB,	240 min	88.7%	230
ln₂S₃/CdS	Ti₃C₂-OH	Self-assembly		RHB	8 min	99.1%	231
TiO₂	Ti₃C₂T_x	Hydrothermal		MB	150 min	75%	164
TiO₂	Ti₃C₂T_x	Insitu grown		MO	240 min	100%	232
CdS/Nb₂O₅	Nb₂C	Hydrothermal		CBZ	240 min	92%	233
SnS₂	Ti₃C₂T_x	Hydrothermal		Tetracycline hydrochloride	60 min	96%	234
g-C₃N₄	Ti₃C₂T_x	Calcination		Urea	30 min	90.1%	235
Bi₂WO₆	Ti₃C₂T_x	Hydrothermal		TOC	60 min	79.5%	236
TiO₂	Ti₃C₂T_x	In situ growth		PFOA	16 h	100%	237
Bi₁₂O₁₇Cl₂	Ti₃C₂T_x	Ultrasonic		RHB	20 min	97.3%	238
BiOBr/Montmorillonite	Ti₃C₂T_x	In situ grown		RhB,	120 min	99%	224
Pd	Ti₃C₂T_x	Self-assembly	NIR	RHB	40 min	49.8%	239
TiO₂	Ti₃C₂T_x	Hydrothermal	UV	MO	30 min	98%	240

Catalyst	Co-Catalyst	Synthetic Method	Light Range	Yield Rate	Ref.
CdS/Au	Ti₃C₂T_x	Solvothermal	Visible light	5371 μmol∙g⁻¹∙h⁻¹	241
CdS	Nb₂CT_x	Solvothermal		5.3 mmol∙g⁻¹∙h⁻¹	242
CdS	Nb₂CT_x	Solvothermal		5040 μmol∙g⁻¹∙h⁻¹	243
g-C₃N₄	Ti₃C₂T_x	Self-assembly		1840.83 mmol∙g⁻¹∙L⁻¹	141
g-C₃N₄	Ti₃C₂T_x	Self-assembly		72.3 μmol∙g⁻¹∙h⁻¹	242
CeO₂	Ti₃C₂T_x	Self-assembly		454.32 μmol∙g⁻¹∙h⁻¹	244
Polypyrrole	Pt/Ti₃C₂	Self-assembly		4.78 H₂ s⁻¹	245
Nb₂O₅	Ag/Nb₂CT_x	Hydrothermal		824.2 μmol∙g⁻¹∙h⁻¹	225
CdS/MoO₂	Mo₂C	Hydrothermal		22, 672 μmol∙g⁻¹∙h⁻¹	246
Zn0_.7Cd_0.3S/Fe₂O₃	Ti₃C₂T_x	Hydrothermal		27.24 mmol ∙g⁻¹∙h⁻¹	247
g-C₃N₄	Ti₃C₂T_x	Molten salt		840.83 mmol∙g⁻¹∙h⁻¹	248
g-C₃N₄/TiO₂	Ti₃C₂T_x	Ultrasonic		310 μmol ∙g⁻¹∙h⁻¹	249
g-C₃N₄	Ti₃C₂T_x	Self-assembly		2181 μmol∙g⁻¹	52
g-C₃N₄	Ti₃C₂T_x	Self-assembly		565 mmol∙g⁻¹∙h⁻¹	250
TiO₂	Ni₂P/Ti₃C₂	Calcination		9425 ppm∙g⁻¹∙h⁻¹	251
CdS	Ti₃C₂T_x	Self-assembly		1295 μmol∙g⁻¹∙h⁻¹	252
CdS	Ti₃C₂T_x	Self-assembly		219.7 mmol∙g⁻¹∙h⁻¹	253
Bi₂MoO₆	Ti₃C₂T_x	Self-assembly		75.2 mmol∙g⁻¹∙h⁻¹	253
Z_xC_1−xS	Ti₃C₂T_x	Solvothermal		14.17 mmol∙g⁻¹∙h⁻¹	254
Cds	Ti₃C₂T_x	Hydrothermal		63.53 μmol∙g⁻¹∙h⁻¹	152

Reaction	Catalyst	Co-catalyst	Synthetic method	Light range	Product	Yield rate	Ref.
CO₂ Reduction	g-C₃N₄	Ti₃C₂T_x	Self-assembly	Visible light	CH₄	2.117 μmol∙g⁻¹∙h⁻¹	255
	g-C₃N₄	Ti₃C₂-OH	Self-assembly		CO	11.21 μmol∙g⁻¹	256
	Ni	Nb₂C	Hydrothermal		CO₂	8.50 mol∙g⁻¹∙h⁻¹	257
	g-C₃N₄	Ti₃C₂T_x	Calcination		CH₄	0.044 μmol∙g⁻¹∙h⁻¹	258
	g-C₃N₄	Ti₃C₂T_x	Calcination		CO	5.19 μmol∙g⁻¹∙h⁻¹	258
	FAPbBr₃	Ti₃C₂T_x	In situ growth		CO	93.82 μmol∙g⁻¹∙h⁻¹	259
	g-C₃N₄/Bt	Ti₃C₂T_x	Ultrasonic		CO	285 µmol∙g_cat⁻¹∙h⁻¹	260
Bactericide	COF/Cu₂O	Ti₃C₂	Insitu grown	Visible light	Antibacterial	99.62%	261
Nitrogen fixation	CdS	Ti₃C₂T_x	Hydrothermal	Visible light		293.06 μmol∙L⁻¹∙h⁻¹	152

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Revisiting MXenes-based Photocatalysis Landscape: Progress, Challenges, and Future Perspectives

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