Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (3): 100170.doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100170
• REVIEW • Previous Articles Next Articles
The application of carbon dots in electrolytes of advanced batteries
Yinghao Zhang1, Huaxin Liu1, Hanrui Ding1, Zhi Zheng1, Wentao Deng1, Guoqiang Zou1, Laiqiang Xu2,*(
), Hongshuai Hou1,*(), Xiaobo Ji1
- 1 College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan Province, China
2 College of Energy and Power Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, Hunan Province, China
-
Received:2025-06-29Revised:2025-08-16Accepted:2025-08-19Published:2026-01-05 -
Contact:Email: lq-xu@csust.edu.cn. Tel.: +86-731-85258409 (Laiqiang Xu)hs-hou@csu.edu.cn. Tel.: +86-731-88877237 (Hongshuai Hou)
Cite this article
Yinghao Zhang, Huaxin Liu, Hanrui Ding, Zhi Zheng, Wentao Deng, Guoqiang Zou, Laiqiang Xu, Hongshuai Hou, Xiaobo Ji. The application of carbon dots in electrolytes of advanced batteries[J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2026, 42(3), 100170. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100170
share this article
Fig 1
Properties and applications of CDs. (a) Naturally occurring fluorescent CDs in honey [16]; (b) Schematic illustration of the structural composition of CDs [19]; (c) Application of CDs in the field of catalysis [20]; (d) Schematic diagram of a humidity sensor prepared from carbon nanodots [21]; (e) Schematic of using CDs for imaging to distinguish fungi [22]. (a) Adapted with permission from Ref. [16], Copyright 2017 Elsevier Inc.; (b) Adapted with permission from Ref. [19], Copyright 2021 Wiley-VCH; (c) Adapted with permission from Ref. [20], Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.; (d) Adapted with permission from Ref. [21], Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.; (e) Adapted with permission from Ref. [22], Copyright 2024 Wiley-VCH."
Fig 2
Diversity of carbon cores and surface layers. (a) Schematic illustration of the classification of CDs [25]; (b) Schematic illustration of the structure of CDs [9]. (a) Adapted with permission from Ref. [25], Copyright 2024 Wiley-VCH; (b) Adapted with permission from Ref. [9], Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc."
Fig 3
Top-down preparation process of CDs. (a) Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for electric-field-assisted, temporally shaped femtosecond laser ablation [38]; (b) Schematic diagram of an arc discharge device (1: Gas inlet, 2: AC electrode, 3: Ceramic nozzle, 4: Bakelite shell, 5: DC electrode) [42]; (c) Preparation of GQDs by oxidizing coal with a strong acid [40]; (d) Schematic illustration of preparing tricolor CDs via the electrochemical exfoliation method [43]; (e) [Preparation of CDs using an ionic liquid as the electrolyte [45]. (a) Adapted with permission from Ref. [38], Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.; (b) Adapted with permission from Ref. [42], Copyright 2016 Elsevier Inc.; (c) Adapted with permission from Ref. [40], Copyright 2013 Springer Nature; (d) Adapted with permission from Ref. [43], Copyright 2024 Elsevier Inc.; (e) Adapted with permission from Ref. [45], Copyright 2025 Elsevier Inc."
Fig 4
Bottom-up preparation process of CDs. (a) The process of hydrothermal synthesis of CDs [48]; (b) Morphologies of CD composite materials obtained at different hydrothermal temperatures [49]; (c) TEM image, UV-Vis, and fluorescence spectra of CDs synthesized by the microwave-assisted method [51]; (d) Preparation of CQDs by pyrolyzing citric acid [53]; (e) The construction process of a machine learning model for preparing CDs [58]; (f) Photograph of full-color quantum dots synthesized under the guidance of machine learning, taken under UV light [59]. (a) Adapted with permission from Ref. [48], Copyright 2024 Wiley-VCH; (b) Adapted with permission from Ref. [49], Copyright 2020 Elsevier Inc.; (c) Adapted with permission from Ref. [51], Copyright 2023 Elsevier Inc.; (d) Adapted with permission from Ref. [53], Copyright 2025 Elsevier Inc.; (e) Adapted with permission from Ref. [58], Copyright 2025 Elsevier Inc.; (f) Adapted with permission from Ref. [59], Copyright 2024 Springer Nature."
Fig 5
Applications of CDs in LIB electrolytes. (a1) Preparation process of N, S-CDs; (a2) Schematic illustration of the co-deposition of N, S-CDs and Li+; (a3) Cycling performance of Li||Cu half-cells at 0.5 mA cm−2/1.0 mAh cm−2; (a4) CLSM images of lithium deposition without (left) and with (right) N, S-CDs [11]; (b1) Preparation process of Bi-CDs; (b2) FTIR spectrum of Bi-CDs; (b3) Cycling performance of Li||Li symmetric cells with and without Bi-CDs at 1.0 mA cm−2/1.0 mAh cm−2; (b4) Rate performance of Li-S full cells with and without Bi-CDs [69]; (c) Negatively charged layer constructed by CDs to stabilize lithium metal via visual engineering [71]; (d1) Schematic illustration of the hydrogen bonding interaction between CDs and PDOL chains; (d2) Reduction of crystalline regions due to the addition of CDs [74]. (a) Adapted with permission from Ref. [11], Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc.; (b) Adapted with permission from Ref. [69], Copyright 2022 Royal Society of Chemistry; (c) Adapted with permission from Ref. [71], Copyright 2025 Wiley-VCH; (d) Adapted with permission from Ref. [74], Copyright 2025 Wiley-VCH."
Fig 6
Applications of CDs in SIB electrolytes. (a1) Color change process of an ethanol solution of sodium hydroxide at room temperature; (a2) Chemical reactions occurring during the conversion of ethanol to CDs; (a3) Cycling performance of Na||Na symmetric cells with and without Na-CDs at 1.0 mA cm−2/1.0 mAh cm−2; (a4) Cycling performance of Na||NVP full cells with and without Na-CDs at a rate of 5C (1C = 117 mA g−1) [12]; (b1) Schematic illustration of dendrite growth suppression by adding N, S-CDs; Analysis of SEI film composition via XPS etching (b2) without N, S-CDs and (b3) with N, S-CDs; (b4) Cycling performance of Na||Na symmetric cells with and without N, S-CDs at 1.0 mA cm−2/1.0 mAh cm−2 [84]. (a) Adapted with permission from Ref. [12], Copyright 2023 Royal Society of Chemistry; (b) Adapted with permission from Ref. [84], Copyright 2024 Wiley-VCH."
Fig 7
Applications of CDs in ZIB electrolytes. (a1) Interaction between functional groups of graphene quantum dots and Zn2+ calculated via DFT; (a2) Mechanism of zinc dendrite growth suppression by graphene quantum dots [88]; In situ optical microscopy images of Zn electroplating behavior in electrolytes (b1) without CDs and (b2) with CDs [34]; (c) Uniform zinc deposition achieved by negatively charged CDs [33]; (d) In situ formation of a ZnF2 interlayer confirmed by XPS [10]; (e1) Schematic illustration of the morphology of a composite material regulated by CDs; (e2) Synergistic promotion of uniform zinc deposition by a CDs/SnO2 composite [92]; (f1) Photographs of a hydrogel containing CDs under daylight and UV light; (f2) Schematic illustration of the structure and luminescence of a fluorescent fiber-shaped aqueous zinc-ion battery [93]. (a) Adapted with permission from Ref. [88], Copyright 2022 Elsevier Inc.; (b) Adapted with permission from Ref. [34], Copyright 2023 Elsevier Inc.; (c) Adapted with permission from Ref. [33], Copyright 2024 Wiley-VCH; (d) Adapted with permission from Ref. [10], Copyright 2024 Elsevier Inc.; (e) Adapted with permission from Ref. [92], Copyright 2025 Elsevier Inc.; (f) Adapted with permission from Ref. [93], Copyright 2023 American Chemical Society."
Table 1
Performance comparison of symmetric cells with CDs in liquid electrolytes."
| Battery system | CD type | Concentration range | Optimal concentration | Current density (mA cm−2) | Cycle life (h) | Ref. |
| LIBs | N, S-CDs | 0.1–0.8 mg mL−1 | 0.3 mg mL−1 | 1.0/3.0 | 1200/300 | [ |
| U-CDs | 0.01–5.0 mg mL−1 | 0.5 mg mL−1 | 1.0/2.5 | 250/200 | [ | |
| Bi-CDs | 0.2–1.0 mg mL−1 | 0.5 mg mL−1 | 1.0 | 800 | [ | |
| CDs | 0.25–2 wt% | 0.5 wt% | 1.0 | 1000 | [ | |
| CDs | 10–40 wt% | 30 wt% | 0.5 | 1400 | [ | |
| SIBs | Na-CDs | 0.1–1.0 mg mL−1 | 0.2 mg mL−1 | 1.0 | 1200 | [ |
| N, S-CDs | 0.1–1.0 mg mL−1 | 0.5 mg mL−1 | 1.0 | 1200 | [ | |
| ZIBs | GQDs | 0.2–1.2 mg mL−1 | 0.4 mg mL−1 | 0.8/2.0 | 2200/1800 | [ |
| N, S-CDs | 0.1–0.4 mg mL−1 | 0.2 mg mL−1 | 1.0 | 2000 | [ | |
| CDs | 0.2–0.8 mg mL−1 | 0.5 mg mL−1 | 1.0/5.0 | 4000/1000 | [ | |
| B-CDs | 0.02–1.5 mg mL−1 | 0.5 mg mL−1 | 1.0 | 2500 | [ |
Fig 8
Applications of CDs in oxide-based SSEs. (a1) Addition of F-CDs to molten Li to construct a Li-FCD composite for garnet-based solid-state batteries; (a2) Surface energy calculations demonstrating the lithiophobic nature of C, Li2O, and LiF; (a3) EIS test results of symmetric cells; (a4) Cycling performance of symmetric cells at 0.3 mA cm−2/0.15 mAh cm−2; (a5) Cycling performance of full cells at 1C [15]; (b1) XPS confirmation of the presence of Li3N at the interphase; (b2) DFT calculations of the Li|Li3N interphase (b3) showing a negative electrostatic potential barrier, (b4) which indicates that Li3N can effectively suppress electron tunneling from lithium metal to the LLZTO bulk, a conclusion also supported by the DOS; (b5) Critical current density test after modification with CDs; (b6) Cycling performance of the symmetric cell after modification with CDs at 0.1 mA cm−2/0.05 mAh cm−2 [98]. (a) Adapted with permission from Ref. [15], Copyright 2024 Wiley-VCH; (b) Adapted with permission from Ref. [98], Copyright 2025 Wiley-VCH."
Fig 9
Applications of CDs in SPEs. (a1) Digital photographs of the electrolyte membrane before and after the addition of CDs; (a2) DSC test results of the electrolyte membrane; (a3) Schematic illustration of CDs accelerating ion conduction in the polymer [28]; (b1) Schematic illustration of the cross-linking between N, S, F-CDs and PEGDA; (b2) Formation of a denser polymer network in the HPE due to the addition of N, S, F-CDs; (b3) Cycling performance of the symmetric cell at 0.1 mA cm−2/0.1 mAh cm−2 [105]; (c) Preparation process of Li-CDs [106]; (d1) Schematic of the synthesis process for F-CDs; (d2) Schematic of the in situ conversion of F-CDs to LiF at the interphase [13]; TEM images of hydrothermally synthesized (e1) SnS2 and (e2) SnS2/CDs; (e3) Schematic illustration of the interaction between SnS2 and SnS2/CDs with electrolyte components [37]; (f1) Schematic of the heat treatment of LLZTO with N, S, F-CDs; (f2) Photographs of a pouch cell containing LLZTO-CDs before and after folding [108]. (a) Adapted with permission from Ref. [28], Copyright 2018 Wiley-VCH; (b) Adapted with permission from Ref. [105], Copyright 2024 Elsevier Inc.; (c) Adapted with permission from Ref. [106], Copyright 2022 Wiley-VCH; (d) Adapted with permission from Ref. [13], Copyright 2023 American Chemical Society; (e) Adapted with permission from Ref. [37], Copyright 2024 Wiley-VCH; (f) Adapted with permission from Ref. [108], Copyright 2025 Wiley-VCH."
Table 2
Summary of strategies and key performance metrics for CDs in SPEs."
| Filler system | Optimal content (wt%) | Ionic conductivity (mS cm−1) | t+ | Current density (mA cm−2) | Cycle life (h) | Ref. |
| CQDs | 5 | 0.139 | 0.48 | – | – | [ |
| N, S-CDs | 3 | 0.210 | 0.51 | 0.5 | 1200 | [ |
| GQDs | 1 | 0.078 | 0.530 | 0.1 | 1200 | [ |
| N, S, F-CDs | 3 | 0.064 (30 ℃) | 0.583 | 0.1 | 4000 | [ |
| Li-CDs | 1 | 0.10 | 0.60 | 0.2 | 900 | [ |
| F-CDs | 5 | 0.075 | 0.48 | 0.4 | 1000 | [ |
| SnS2 + N, S-CDs | 3 | 0.107 | 0.786 | 0.1 | 1300 | [ |
| LLZTO + N, S, F-CDs | 20 | 0.196 | 0.85 | 0.1 | 1300 | [ |
| 1 |
T. Liang, A. Vecchi, K. Knobloch, A. Sciacovelli, K. Engelbrecht, Y. L. Li, Y. L. Ding. Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 2022, 163, 112478.
doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2022.112478 |
| 2 |
N. Nasajpour-Esfahani, H. Garmestani, M. Bagheritabar, D. J. Jasim, D. Toghraie, S. Dadkhah, H. Firoozeh. Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 2024, 203, 114783.
doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2024.114783 |
| 3 |
P. X. Bai, X. Ji, J. X. Zhang, W. R. Zhang, S. Hou, H. Su, M. J. Li, T. Deng, L. S. Cao, S. F. Liu, et al.. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2022, 61, e202202731.
doi: 10.1002/anie.202202731 |
| 4 |
X. Y. Zheng, L. Q. Huang, X. L. Ye, J. X. Zhang, F. Y. Min, W. Luo, Y. H. Huang. Chem 2021, 7, 2312.
doi: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.02.025 |
| 5 |
J. J. Xu, J. X. Zhang, T. P. Pollard, Q. D. Li, S. Tan, S. Y. Hou, H. L. Wan, F. Chen, H. X. He, E. Y. Hu, et al.. Nature 2023, 614, 694.
doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-05627-8 |
| 6 |
X. Y. Wang, M. Chen, S. Y. Li, C. Zhao, W. D. Zhang, Z. Y. Shen, Y. He, G. Feng, Y. Y. Lu. ACS Cent. Sci. 2021, 7, 2029.
doi: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c01014 |
| 7 |
S. Z. Zhao, H. Y. Che, S. L. Chen, H. X. Tao, J. P. Liao, X. Z. Liao, Z. F. Ma. Electrochem. Energy Rev. 2024, 7, 3.
doi: 10.1007/s41918-023-00196-4 |
| 8 |
V. Georgakilas, J. A. Perman, J. Tucek, R. Zboril. Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 4744.
doi: 10.1021/cr500304f |
| 9 |
R. T. Guo, L. Li, B. W. Wang, Y. G. Xiang, G. Q. Zou, Y. R. Zhu, H. S. Hou, X. B. Ji. Energy Storage Mater. 2021, 37, 8.
doi: 10.1016/j.ensm.2021.01.020 |
| 10 |
Z. F. Ge, L. Q. Xu, Y. L. Xu, J. E. Wu, Z. L. Geng, X. T. Xiao, W. T. Deng, G. Q. Zou, H. S. Hou, X. B. Ji. Nano Energy 2024, 119, 109053.
doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.109053 |
| 11 |
S. Li, Z. Luo, H. Y. Tu, H. Zhang, W. N. Deng, G. Q. Zou, H. S. Hou, X. B. Ji. Energy Storage Mater. 2021, 42, 679.
doi: 10.1016/j.ensm.2021.08.008 |
| 12 |
H. Y. Tu, H. X. Liu, L. Q. Xu, Z. Luo, L. Li, Y. Tian, W. T. Deng, G. Q. Zou, H. S. Hou, X. B. Ji. Chem. Sci. 2023, 14, 12194.
doi: 10.1039/d3sc04606k |
| 13 |
L. Q. Xu, S. Li, H. Y. Tu, F. J. Zhu, H. X. Liu, W. T. Deng, J. B. Hu, G. Q. Zou, H. S. Hou, X. B. Ji. ACS Nano 2023, 17, 22082.
doi: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08935 |
| 14 |
L. Q. Xu, J. Y. Li, L. Li, Z. Luo, Y. E. Xiang, W. N. Deng, G. Q. Zou, H. S. Hou, X. B. Ji. Small 2021, 17, 2102978.
doi: 10.1002/smll.202102978 |
| 15 |
F. J. Zhu, L. Q. Xu, X. Y. Hu, M. S. Yang, H. X. Liu, C. L. Gan, W. T. Deng, G. Q. Zou, H. S. Hou, X. B. Ji. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202410016.
doi: 10.1002/anie.202410016 |
| 16 |
S. Mandani, D. Dey, B. Sharma, T. K. Sarma. Carbon 2017, 119, 569.
doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2017.04.075 |
| 17 |
Y.-P. Sun, B. Zhou, Y. Lin, W. Wang, K. A. S. Fernando, P. Pathak, M. J. Meziani, B. A. Harruff, X. Wang, H. Wang, et al.. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 7756.
doi: 10.1021/ja062677d |
| 18 |
X. Y. Xu, R. Ray, Y. L. Gu, H. J. Ploehn, L. Gearheart, K. Raker, W. A. Scrivens. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 12736.
doi: 10.1021/ja040082h |
| 19 |
Y. Shi, H. Xu, T. Yuan, T. Meng, H. Wu, J. Chang, H. Wang, X. Song, Y. Li, X. Li, et al.. Aggregate 2022, 3, e108.
doi: 10.1002/agt2.108 |
| 20 |
P. Fan, X. J. Zhang, H. H. Deng, X. H. Guan, Appl. Catal.. B 2021, 285, 119829.
doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.119829 |
| 21 |
J. X. Qin, X. G. Yang, C. L. Shen, Y. Chang, Y. Deng, Z. F. Zhang, H. Liu, C. F. Lv, Y. Z. Li, C. Zhang, et al.. Nano Energy 2022, 101, 107549.
doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107549 |
| 22 |
W. Z. Song, X. X. Wang, S. L. Nong, M. R. Wang, S. M. Kang, F. Wang, L. Xu. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2402761.
doi: 10.1002/adfm.202402761 |
| 23 |
M. Shaker, S. Ng, A. A. S. Ghazvini, S. Javanmardi, M. A. Gaho, Z. Jin, Q. Ge. J. Energy Storage 2024, 85, 111040.
doi: 10.1016/j.est.2024.111040 |
| 24 |
L. Ai, Y. S. Yang, B. Y. Wang, J. B. Chang, Z. Y. Tang, B. Yang, S. Y. Lu. Sci. Bull. 2021, 66, 839.
doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.12.015 |
| 25 |
J. R. Li, X. J. Zhao, X. Gong. Small 2024, 20, 2400107.
doi: 10.1002/smll.202400107 |
| 26 |
S. Li, L. Li, H. Y. Tu, H. Zhang, D. S. Silvester, C. E. Banks, G. Q. Zou, H. S. Hou, X. B. Ji. Mater. Today 2021, 51, 188.
doi: 10.1016/j.mattod.2021.07.028 |
| 27 |
A. Pal, G. Natu, K. Ahmad, A. Chattopadhyay. J. Mater. Chem. A 2018, 6, 4111.
doi: 10.1039/c7ta10224k |
| 28 |
C. Ma, K. Dai, H. S. Hou, X. B. Ji, L. B. Chen, D. C. Ivey, W. F. Wei. Adv. Sci. 2018, 5, 1700996.
doi: 10.1002/advs.201700996 |
| 29 |
V. Nguyen, J. H. Si, L. H. Yan, X. Hou. Carbon 2016, 108, 268.
doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2016.07.019 |
| 30 |
M. G. Yi, M. J. Jing, Y. C. Yang, Y. J. Huang, G. Q. Zou, T. J. Wu, H. S. Hou, X. B. Ji. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2400001.
doi: 10.1002/adfm.202400001 |
| 31 |
K. Vishweswariah, N. G. Ningappa, M. D. Bouguern, M. R. A. Kumar, M. B. Armand, K. Zaghib. Adv. Energy Mater. 2025, 2501883.
doi: 10.1002/aenm.202501883 |
| 32 |
L. L. Chen, L. Zhu, H. L. Cheng, W. Y. Xu, G. J. Li, Y. Q. Zhang, J. J. Gu, L. Chen, Z. L. Xie, Z. H. Li, et al.. ACS Nano 2024, 18, 23154.
doi: 10.1021/acsnano.4c05362 |
| 33 |
K. Wang, J. Q. Gao, H. X. Liu, W. S. Jian, J. N. Huang, X. Y. Hu, S. Y. Lai, Y. F. Li, G. Q. Zou, H. S. Hou, et al.. Small Struct. 2025, 6, 2400343.
doi: 10.1002/sstr.202400343 |
| 34 |
H. Zhang, Z. Luo, W. T. Deng, J. G. Hu, G. Q. Zou, H. S. Hou, X. B. Ji. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 461, 142105.
doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.142105 |
| 35 |
F. L. Yuan, Y. K. Wang, G. Sharma, Y. T. Dong, X. P. Zheng, P. C. Li, A. Johnston, G. Bappi, J. Z. Fan, H. Kung, et al.. Nat. Photonics 2020, 14, 171.
doi: 10.1038/s41566-019-0557-5 |
| 36 |
B. Y. Wang, S. Y. Lu. Matter 2022, 5, 110.
doi: 10.1016/j.matt.2021.10.016 |
| 37 |
H. X. Liu, Y. Ye, F. J. Zhu, X. Zhong, D. Z. Luo, Y. Zhang, W. T. Deng, G. Q. Zou, H. S. Hou, X. B. Ji. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202409044.
doi: 10.1002/anie.202409044 |
| 38 |
X. J. Li, X. Li, L. Jiang, P. Zuo, Y. Zhao, S. M. Wang, X. Z. Chen, M. S. Liang, L. Ma. Carbon 2021, 185, 384.
doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2021.09.043 |
| 39 |
T. T. Long, Z. Y. Hu, Z. Y. Gao, H. M. Luo, H. C. Li, Y. Chen, L. Liu, D. Xu, Spectrochim. Acta. Part A 2023, 301, 122947.
doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122947 |
| 40 |
R. Q. Ye, C. S. Xiang, J. Lin, Z. W. Peng, K. W. Huang, Z. Yan, N. P. Cook, E. L. G. Samuel, C. C. Hwang, G. D. Ruan, et al.. Nat. Commun. 2013, 4, 2943.
doi: 10.1038/ncomms3943 |
| 41 |
J. C. Kong, Y. H. Wei, F. Zhou, L. T. Shi, S. J. Zhao, M. Y. Wan, X. F. Zhang. Molecules 2024, 29, 2002.
doi: 10.3390/molecules29092002 |
| 42 |
D. L. Sun, R. Y. Hong, J. Y. Liu, F. Wang, Y. F. Wang. Chem. Eng. J. 2016, 303, 217.
doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2016.05.098 |
| 43 |
Q. L. Zhao, C. Y. Fan, H. Bu, J. Gao, L. L. Li, X. F. Yu, X. J. Yang, Z. M. Lu, X. H. Zhang. Chem. Eng. J. 2024, 500, 156704.
doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.156704 |
| 44 |
Z. Han, L. K. Chen, G. R. Zheng, D. F. Zhang, K. Yang, G. Y. Xiao, H. Xu, Y. H. Li, X. F. An, Y. T. Ma, et al.. Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, 2416668.
doi: 10.1002/adma.202416668 |
| 45 |
W. Zhao, Z. M. Lu, F. F. Song, J. B. Han, Q. Zhang, Y. Cong, A. Y. Lu, T. Gao, Colloids Surf.. A 2025, 712, 136459.
doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.136459 |
| 46 |
C. X. Wang, C. K. Qiao, F. J. Tian, R. X. Chen, L. L. Guo, T. Pang, J. Li, R. L. Pang, H. Z. Xie. Nanotechnology 2025, 36, 245701.
doi: 10.1088/1361-6528/addaca |
| 47 |
D. Langford, Y. Reva, Y. F. Bo, K. Gubanov, M. J. Wu, A. Günay-Gürer, L. A. Mai, R. W. Crisp, I. Engelmann, E. Spiecker, et al.. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 64, e202418626.
doi: 10.1002/anie.202418626 |
| 48 |
B. Vercelli, E. De Micheli, R. Donnini, M. Losurdo, H. Lange, B. La Ferla, A. Pavan, M. Saibene, G. Capitani, F. Ghezzi, et al.. Small Struct. 2025, 6, 2400481.
doi: 10.1002/sstr.202400481 |
| 49 |
H. Safardoust-Hojaghan, O. Amiri, M. Salavati-Niasari, M. Hassanpour, H. Khojasteh, L. K. Foong. J. Mol. Liq. 2020, 301, 112413.
doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112413 |
| 50 |
C. Z. Xu, J. Z. Kang, Y. Q. Zhao, L. Zhu, J. T. Zhang, B. M. Wei, H. B. Wang. New J. Chem. 2023, 47, 3159.
doi: 10.1039/d2nj04211h |
| 51 |
J. T. Li, W. J. Fu, X. Y. Zhang, Q. J. Zhang, D. D. Ma, Y. T. Wang, W. H. Qian, D. Zhu. Carbon 2023, 208, 208.
doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2023.03.039 |
| 52 |
Z. H. Ma, Y. Han, X. Wang, G. W. Sun, Y. Li, Colloids Surf.. A 2022, 652, 129818.
doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129818 |
| 53 |
H. X. Yu, X. Y. Zuo, X. Zhang, X. B. Wang, F. Zhou. Chem. Eng. J. 2025, 510, 161810.
doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.161810 |
| 54 |
A. A. Tyutrin, R. Wang, E. F. Martynovich. J. Lumin. 2022, 246, 118806.
doi: 10.1016/j.jlumin.2022.118806 |
| 55 |
H. S. Hou, C. E. Banks, M. J. Jing, Y. Zhang, X. B. Ji. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 7861.
doi: 10.1002/adma.201503816 |
| 56 |
L. Li, Y. Li, Y. Ye, R. Guo, A. Wang, G. Zou, H. Hou, X. Ji. ACS Nano 2021, 15, 6872.
doi: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10624 |
| 57 |
Y. Han, B. J. Tang, L. Wang, H. Bao, Y. H. Lu, C. T. Guan, L. Zhang, M. Y. Le, Z. Liu, M. H. Wu. ACS Nano 2020, 14, 14761.
doi: 10.1021/acsnano.0c01899 |
| 58 |
Z. H. Yan, J. K. Li, S. Zhou, X. M. Yang. Carbon 2025, 241, 120394.
doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120394 |
| 59 |
H. Z. Guo, Y. H. Lu, Z. D. Lei, H. Bao, M. W. Zhang, Z. M. Wang, C. T. Guan, B. J. Tang, Z. Liu, L. Wang. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 4843.
doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-49172-6 |
| 60 |
S. Z. Wang, J. Y. Shi, Z. H. Liu, Y. Y. Xia. Adv. Energy Mater. 2024, 14, 2401526.
doi: 10.1002/aenm.202401526 |
| 61 |
D. Lu, R. H. Li, M. M. Rahman, P. Y. Yu, L. Lv, S. Yang, Y. Q. Huang, C. C. Sun, S. Q. Zhang, H. K. Zhang, et al.. Nature 2024, 627, 101.
doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-07045-4 |
| 62 |
K. L. Jungjohann, R. N. Gannon, S. Goriparti, S. J. Randolph, L. C. Merrill, D. C. Johnson, K. R. Zavadil, S. J. Harris, K. L. Harrison. ACS Energy Lett. 2021, 6, 2138.
doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.1c00509 |
| 63 |
S. Li, Z. Luo, L. Li, J. G. Hu, G. Q. Zou, H. S. Hou, X. B. Ji. Energy Storage Mater. 2020, 32, 306.
doi: 10.1016/j.ensm.2020.07.008 |
| 64 |
C. Chen, J. M. Zhang, B. R. Hu, Q. W. Liang, X. H. Xiong. Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 4018.
doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-39636-6 |
| 65 |
Z. M. Hao, Y. Lu, G. J. Yang, Q. Zhao, Z. H. Yan, J. Chen. Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, 2415258.
doi: 10.1002/adma.202415258 |
| 66 |
S. Sen, F. H. Richter. Adv. Sci. 2023, 10, 2303985.
doi: 10.1002/advs.202303985 |
| 67 |
A. M. Haregewoin, A. S. Wotango, B. J. Hwang. Energy Environ. Sci. 2016, 9, 1955.
doi: 10.1039/c6ee00123h |
| 68 |
D. K. Hong, Y. Choi, J. Ryu, J. Mun, W. Choi, M. Park, Y. Lee, N. S. Choi, G. Lee, B. S. Kim, et al.. J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 20325.
doi: 10.1039/c9ta06260b |
| 69 |
H. Y. Tu, S. Li, Z. Luo, L. Q. Xu, H. Zhang, Y. E. Xiang, W. T. Deng, G. Q. Zou, H. S. Hou, X. B. Ji. Chem. Commun. 2022, 58, 6449.
doi: 10.1039/d2cc01334g |
| 70 |
W. X. Liu, T. Xie, X. W. Wang, W. T. Deng, L. Huang, R. Khan, Y. Wang, H. S. Hou, D. Wang, Y. P. Wu. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2410843.
doi: 10.1002/adfm.202410843 |
| 71 |
W. Y. Lu, Y. S. Liu, S. C. Cao, P. S. Yi, S. He, F. K. Zuo, L. L. Ma, M. X. Ye, J. F. Shen. Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, 2500873.
doi: 10.1002/adma.202500873 |
| 72 |
J. Chen, J. W. Wu, X. D. Wang, A. A. Zhou, Z. L. Yang. Energy Storage Mater. 2021, 35, 70.
doi: 10.1016/j.ensm.2020.11.017 |
| 73 |
F. Q. Liu, W. P. Wang, Y. X. Yin, S. F. Zhang, J. L. Shi, L. Wang, X. D. Zhang, Y. Zheng, J. J. Zhou, L. Li, et al.. Sci. Adv. 2018, 4, eaat5383.
doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aat5383 |
| 74 |
X. A. Liu, L. D. Sun, F. Zhai, T. Wu, P. Wang, H. Y. Du, Y. B. Xu, X. L. Wang. Adv. Energy Mater. 2025, 15(26), 2405433.
doi: 10.1002/aenm.202405433 |
| 75 |
Z. H. Huang, J. S. Wei, T. B. Song, J. W. Ni, F. Wang, H. M. Xiong. Smartmat 2022, 3, 323.
doi: 10.1002/smm2.1121 |
| 76 |
J. Bae, Y. T. Li, J. Zhang, X. Y. Zhou, F. Zhao, Y. Shi, J. B. Goodenough, G. H. Yu. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 2096.
doi: 10.1002/anie.201710841 |
| 77 |
C. Guo, K. Du, R. M. Tao, Y. Q. Guo, S. H. Yao, J. X. Wang, D. Y. Wang, J. Y. Liang, S. Y. Lu. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2301111.
doi: 10.1002/adfm.202301111 |
| 78 |
S. Y. Zhang, K. H. Gu, B. A. Lu, J. W. Han, J. Zhou. Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 2024, 40, 2309028.
doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202309028 |
| 79 |
N. Hong, S. Zhang, J. Li, H. Wang, J. Huang, X. Hu, B. Zhang, F. Hua, J. Zeng, W. Jian, et al.. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 64, e202423479.
doi: 10.1002/anie.202423479 |
| 80 |
Z. H. Cui, C. Liu, A. Manthiram. Adv. Mater. 2025, 2420463.
doi: 10.1002/adma.202420463 |
| 81 |
Y. Zhao, L. V. Goncharova, A. Lushington, Q. Sun, H. Yadegari, B. Q. Wang, W. Xiao, R. Y. Li, X. L. Sun. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1606663.
doi: 10.1002/adma.201606663 |
| 82 |
X. Y. Liu, X. Y. Zheng, Y. M. Dai, B. Li, J. Y. Wen, T. Zhao, W. Luo. Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2304256.
doi: 10.1002/adma.202304256 |
| 83 |
Y. R. Zhong, Q. W. Shi, C. Q. Zhu, Y. F. Zhang, M. Li, J. S. Francisco, H. L. Wang. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021, 143, 13929.
doi: 10.1021/jacs.1c06794 |
| 84 |
H. Y. Tu, Y. H. Zhang, J. E. Wu, Y. J. Li, H. X. Liu, W. T. Deng, G. Q. Zou, H. S. Hou, X. B. Ji. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025, 35, 2413488.
doi: 10.1002/adfm.202413488 |
| 85 |
J. C. Zhu, Z. W. Tie, S. S. Bi, Z. Q. Niu. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202403712.
doi: 10.1002/anie.202403712 |
| 86 |
X. Zhang, J. P. Hu, N. Fu, W. B. Zhou, B. Liu, Q. Deng, X. W. Wu. Infomat 2022, 4, e12306.
doi: 10.1002/inf2.12306 |
| 87 |
L. Jiang, Y. Q. Ding, L. Li, Y. Tang, P. Zhou, B. G. Lu, S. Y. Tian, J. Zhou. Nano-Micro Lett. 2025, 17, 202.
doi: 10.1007/s40820-025-01709-0 |
| 88 |
H. Zhang, R. T. Guo, S. Li, C. Liu, H. Y. Li, G. Q. Zou, J. G. Hu, H. S. Hou, X. B. Ji. Nano Energy 2022, 92, 106752.
doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106752 |
| 89 |
J. E. Wu, C. Liu, H. Zhang, Z. F. Ge, H. Y. Tu, W. T. Deng, H. S. Hou, X. B. Ji. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2022, 13, 11883.
doi: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03502 |
| 90 |
S. Cai, G. Chang, J. G. Hu, J. E. Wu, Y. Q. Luo, G. Q. Zou, H. S. Hou, X. B. Ji. Chin. J. Chem. 2023, 41, 1697.
doi: 10.1002/cjoc.202200799 |
| 91 |
Z. P. Shao, L. Lin, W. B. Zhuang, S. Z. Liu, P. Yang, K. P. Zhu, C. W. Li, G. D. Guo, W. H. Wang, Q. C. Zhang, et al.. Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, 2406093.
doi: 10.1002/adma.202406093 |
| 92 |
M. Gopalakrishnan, M. T. Hlaing, T. Kulandaivel, W. Kao-ian, M. Etesami, W. R. Liu, M. T. Nguyen, T. Yonezawa, W. Limphirat, S. Kheawhom. J. Alloys Compd. 2025, 1013, 178521.
doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2025.178521 |
| 93 |
F. Liu, S. H. Xu, W. B. Gong, K. T. Zhao, Z. M. Wang, J. Luo, C. S. Li, Y. Sun, P. Xue, C. L. Wang, et al.. ACS Nano 2023, 17, 18494.
doi: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06245 |
| 94 |
N. Sarfraz, N. Kanwal, M. Ali, K. Ali, A. Hasnain, M. Ashraf, M. Ayaz, J. Ifthikar, S. Ali, A. Hendi, et al.. Energy Storage Mater. 2024, 71, 103619.
doi: 10.1016/j.ensm.2024.103619 |
| 95 |
T. Li, Q. Zheng, J. T. Li, Z. Y. Zhao, W. B. Huang, B. Zhang, G. H. Zhao, T. L. Wu, D. L. Peng, Q. S. Xie, et al.. ACS Energy Lett. 2025, 10, 2228.
doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.5c00455 |
| 96 |
H. C. Sun, S. F. Kang, L. F. Cui. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 454, 140375.
doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.140375 |
| 97 |
R. Dubey, J. Sastre, C. Cancellieri, F. Okur, A. Forster, L. Pompizii, A. Priebe, Y. E. Romanyuk, L. P. H. Jeurgens, M. Kovalenko, et al.. Adv. Energy Mater. 2021, 11, 2102086.
doi: 10.1002/aenm.202102086 |
| 98 |
F. J. Zhu, H. X. Liu, B. C. Zhang, W. T. Deng, G. Q. Zou, H. S. Hou, X. B. Ji. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025, 2507998.
doi: 10.1002/adfm.202507998 |
| 99 |
G. S. MacGlashan, Y. G. Andreev, P. G. Bruce. Nature 1999, 398, 792.
doi: 10.1038/19730 |
| 100 |
L. Q. Xu, J. Y. Li, Y. E. Xiang, Y. Tian, R. Momen, H. X. Liu, F. J. Zhu, H. Y. Tu, Z. Luo, S. S. Fang, et al.. Energy Storage Mater. 2022, 52, 655.
doi: 10.1016/j.ensm.2022.08.034 |
| 101 |
Z. H. Chen, H. Jia, S. S. Yan, J. F. Gohy. Nano Energy 2023, 114, 108637.
doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.108637 |
| 102 |
N. Wang, Y. T. Wei, S. Yu, W. C. Zhang, X. Y. Huang, B. B. Fan, H. Yuan, Y. Q. Tan. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2024, 183, 206.
doi: 10.1016/j.jmst.2023.10.005 |
| 103 |
G. Homann, L. Stolz, K. Neuhaus, M. Winter, J. Kasnatscheew. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 2006289.
doi: 10.1002/adfm.202006289 |
| 104 |
H. X. Liu, L. Q. Xu, H. Y. Tu, Z. Luo, F. J. Zhu, W. T. Deng, G. Q. Zou, H. S. Hou, X. B. Ji. Small 2023, 19, 2301275.
doi: 10.1002/smll.202301275 |
| 105 |
H. X. Liu, L. Q. Xu, F. J. Zhu, D. Z. Luo, Y. Zhang, W. T. Deng, G. Q. Zou, H. S. Hou, X. B. Ji. Nano Energy 2024, 126, 109623.
doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.109623 |
| 106 |
L. Q. Xu, H. Y. Tu, F. J. Zhu, Y. E. Xiang, Z. Luo, S. S. Fang, W. T. Deng, G. Q. Zou, H. S. Hou, X. B. Ji. Smartmat 2022, 3, 286.
doi: 10.1002/smm2.1097 |
| 107 |
Y. F. He, L. Wang, A. P. Wang, B. Zhang, H. Pham, J. Park, X. M. He. Exploration 2024, 4, 20230114.
doi: 10.1002/exp.20230114 |
| 108 |
H. X. Liu, F. J. Zhu, Y. H. Zhang, Y. M. Liu, Y. Zhang, W. T. Deng, G. Q. Zou, H. S. Hou, X. B. Ji. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 64(26), e202505230.
doi: 10.1002/anie.202505230 |
| [1] | Qingwen Xu, Zhigang Xie, Min Zheng. Construction of pH-responsive Lycium barbarum-derived carbon dots nanovaccines for enhanced anti-tumor immunotherapy [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2026, 42(6): 100203-. |
| [2] | Li Ting, Zeng Xiao, Yang Yuzhuo, Wen Xinyi, Ding Shurong, Shi Linlin, Zhang Yongqiang, Lu Siyu. Towards practical circularly polarized luminescence: carbon dots-based circularly polarized lasers [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2026, 42(4): 100191-. |
| [3] | Yu Liu, Pengfei Li, Yize Liu, Zaicheng Sun. Recent advances in carbon dots as a single photocatalyst [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2026, 42(2): 100167-. |
| [4] | Zihan Cheng, Kai Jiang, Jun Jiang, Henggang Wang, Hengwei Lin. Achieving thermal-stimulus-responsive dynamic afterglow from carbon dots by singlet-triplet energy gap engineering through covalent fixation [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2026, 42(2): 100169-. |
| [5] | Renyi Shao, Khurram Abbas, Vladimir Yu. Osipov, Haimei Zhu, Yuan Li, Usama, Hong Bi. Red-emitting carbon dots prepared from Epipremnum Aureum leaves extract for biological imaging [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2026, 42(2): 100134-. |
| [6] | Chunyuan Kang, Xiaoyu Li, Fan Yang, Bai Yang. Ionic-bond crosslinked carbonized polymer dots for tunable and enhanced room temperature phosphorescence [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2026, 42(1): 100156-. |
| [7] | Xintong Zhu, Bin Cao, Chong Yan, Cheng Tang, Aibing Chen, Qiang Zhang. Advances in coating strategies for graphite anodes in lithium-ion batteries [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2025, 41(9): 100096-. |
| [8] | Xue Wu, Yupeng Liu, Bingzhe Wang, Lingyun Li, Zhenjian Li, Qingcheng Wang, Quansheng Cheng, Guichuan Xing, Songnan Qu. Rationally assembling different surface functionalized carbon dots for enhanced near-infrared tumor photothermal therapy [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2025, 41(9): 100109-. |
| [9] | Wenlong Wang, Wentao Hao, Lang He, Jia Qiao, Ning Li, Chaoqiu Chen, Yong Qin. Bandgap and adsorption engineering of carbon dots/TiO2 S-scheme heterojunctions for enhanced photocatalytic CO2 methanation [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2025, 41(9): 100116-. |
| [10] | Yu Peng, Jiawei Chen, Yue Yin, Yongjie Cao, Mochou Liao, Congxiao Wang, Xiaoli Dong, Yongyao Xia. Tailored cathode electrolyte interphase via ethylene carbonate-free electrolytes enabling stable and wide-temperature operation of high-voltage LiCoO2 [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2025, 41(8): 100087-. |
| [11] | Jiandong Liu, Zhijia Zhang, Kamenskii Mikhail, Volkov Filipp, Eliseeva Svetlana, Jianmin Ma. Research Progress on Cathode Electrolyte Interphase in High-Voltage Lithium Batteries [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2025, 41(2): 100011-. |
| [12] | Tiejin Chen, Xiaokuang Xue, Jian Li, Minhui Cui, Yongliang Hao, Mianqi Xue, Haihua Xiao, Jiechao Ge, Pengfei Wang. Membrane-anchoring nanoengineered carbon dots as a pyroptosis amplifier for robust tumor photodynamic-immunotherapy [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2025, 41(10): 100113-. |
| [13] | Shanghua Li, Malin Li, Xiwen Chi, Xin Yin, Zhaodi Luo, Jihong Yu. High-Stable Aqueous Zinc Metal Anodes Enabled by an Oriented ZnQ Zeolite Protective Layer with Facile Ion Migration Kinetics [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2025, 41(1): 100003-. |
| [14] | Jiandong Liu, Xin Li, Daxiong Wu, Huaping Wang, Junda Huang, Jianmin Ma. Anion-Acceptor Electrolyte Additive Strategy for Optimizing Electrolyte Solvation Characteristics and Electrode Electrolyte Interphases for Li||NCM811 Battery [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2024, 40(6): 2306039-. |
| [15] | Jingjing Wang, Guiqiang Cao, Ruixian Duan, Xiangyang Li, Xifei Li. Advances in Single Metal Atom Catalysts Enhancing Kinetics of Sulfur Cathode [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2023, 39(5): 2212005-0. |
|
||