电容去离子海水提铀的机遇与挑战

doi:10.3866/PKU.WHXB202404006

物理化学学报 >> 2025, Vol. 41 >> Issue (4): 100032.doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202404006

所属专题：电化学分离与资源化

电容去离子海水提铀的机遇与挑战

严国泽¹, 左彬¹^,*, 刘少卿¹, 王桃¹, 王若愚¹, 包锦洋¹, 赵忠舟¹, 储菲菲¹, 李政通², YusukeYamauchi³^,⁴^,⁵, SaadMelhi⁶, 徐兴涛¹^,*()

¹ 浙江海洋大学海洋科学与技术学院, 浙江舟山 316022
² 河海大学水文水资源与水利工程科学国家重点实验室, 南京 210098
³ 名古屋大学工程研究生院材料工艺工程系, 名古屋 464-8601, 日本
⁴ 澳大利亚昆士兰大学生物工程与纳米技术研究所, 昆士兰州布里斯班 4072, 澳大利亚
⁵ 延世大学化学与生物分子工程系, 首尔 03722, 韩国
⁶ 沙特阿拉伯比沙大学理学院化学系, 比沙 61922, 沙特阿拉伯

收稿日期:2024-04-02 修回日期:2024-04-30 录用日期:2024-05-07 发布日期:2024-12-28
通讯作者: Email: zuobin@zjou.edu.cn (左彬)xingtao.xu@zjou.edu.cn (徐兴涛)
基金资助:
浙江海洋大学人才引进研究基金(JX6311101423); 浙江海洋大学人才引进研究基金(JX6311103723); 浙江省教育厅一般项目(Y202353930); 浙江省高校基本科研业务费(2024J006); 国家级大学生创新训练项目(202310340024)

Opportunities and Challenges of Capacitive Deionization for Uranium Extraction from Seawater

Guoze Yan¹, Bin Zuo¹^,*, Shaoqing Liu¹, Tao Wang¹, Ruoyu Wang¹, Jinyang Bao¹, Zhongzhou Zhao¹, Feifei Chu¹, Zhengtong Li², Yamauchi Yusuke³^,⁴^,⁵, Melhi Saad⁶, Xingtao Xu¹^,*()

¹ Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, Zhejiang Province, China
² State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai, University, Nanjing 210098, China
³ Department of Materials Process Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
⁴ Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
⁵ Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
⁶ Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bisha, Bisha, 61922, Saudi Arabia

Received:2024-04-02 Revised:2024-04-30 Accepted:2024-05-07 Published:2024-12-28
Contact: Email: zuobin@zjou.edu.cn (Bin Zuo)xingtao.xu@zjou.edu.cn (Xingtao Xu)
Supported by:
the Zhejiang Ocean University Talent Introduction Research Fund(JX6311101423); the Zhejiang Ocean University Talent Introduction Research Fund(JX6311103723); the General Project of the Zhejiang Provincial Department of Education(Y202353930); the Fundamental Research Funds for Zhejiang Provincial Universities and Research Institutes(2024J006); the National Undergraduate Innovation Training Program(202310340024)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

铀是核工业不可或缺的资源，而陆基铀矿资源含量有限且分布不均。因此，海水提铀(UES)对可持续能源生产具有巨大潜力。电容去离子(CDI)技术以其低能耗、工艺简单、对环境友好和高吸附效率而闻名，对UES具有重要潜力。本文回顾了CDI技术的发展历史、原理、分类和应用。在发展历史部分，我们简要介绍了CDI技术的早期发展，并强调了其在UES中的关键里程碑以及近期优化工作。在原理和分类部分，我们将CDI技术置于UES应用的背景下，进行了全面介绍。另外，在应用部分，我们重点介绍了CDI技术在UES中的当前应用。此外，本文详细阐述了CDI技术在UES中的当前研究现状及其在吸附性、选择性和经济效益方面的优势。在吸附性方面，CDI技术通过精心优化电极结构和材料选择，展现了其吸附铀离子的效率。在选择性方面，CDI技术通过灵活调控电极材料和操作参数，有选择性地提取铀，同时减轻了来自竞争离子的干扰，从而提高了提取效率。在经济性方面，CDI技术因其低能耗和经济性脱颖而出，促进了高效的铀提取，且在UES领域具有与替代方法相比的实质经济优势。最后，我们讨论了该技术在铀提取过程中的挑战因素(竞争离子、盐度、pH值和生物污损)，旨在探讨使用CDI技术进行UES的可行性和经济效益，并为进一步优化和推广CDI技术在UES中的应用提供理论支持。此外，我们还致力于通过引入材料信息学来解决CDI在提铀过程中存在的一些当前挑战，并展望该问题的未来发展。本文为CDI技术在UES中的发展和工业进展提供了实用的见解，旨在为后续CDI海水提铀研究提供宝贵的参考，以促进海水资源的可持续利用。

关键词: 电容去离子, 海水提铀, 经济效益, 挑战因素, 材料信息学

Abstract:

Uranium is an indispensable resource for the nuclear industry, while land-based uranium mines are limited in content and unevenly distributed. Therefore, uranium extraction from seawater (UES) holds great potential for sustainable energy production. Capacitive deionization (CDI) technology, known for its low energy consumption, simple process, environmentally friendliness, and high adsorption efficiency, holds significant potential for UES. This paper reviews the development history, principles, classifications, and applications of CDI technology. In the section on development history, we provide a brief overview of the early development of CDI technology, emphasizing key milestones in its application to UES and recent optimization efforts. In the section on principle and categorization, we contextualize CDI technology within UES applications for a comprehensive introduction. Additionally, in the application section, we concentrate on current applications of CDI technology in UES. Furthermore, this paper elaborates on the current research status of CDI for UES and its advantages in terms of adsorptivity, selectivity, and economic benefits. In terms of adsorptivity, CDI technology demonstrates its efficiency in adsorbing uranium ions, achieved through meticulous optimization of electrode structure and material selection. With regard to selectivity, CDI technology selectively extracts uranium while mitigating interference from competing ions through adept modulation of electrode materials and operational parameters, thereby enhancing extraction efficiency. Economically, CDI technology stands out due to its hallmark features of low energy consumption and cost-effectiveness, facilitating high-efficiency uranium extraction and providing substantial economic advantages over alternative methods in the UES domain. Lastly, we discuss the challenge factors (competing ions, salinity, pH, and biofouling) of this technology in the uranium extraction process, aiming to explore the feasibility and economic benefits of UES by using the CDI technology and providing theoretical support for further optimization and promotion of CDI applications in UES. Additionally, we aim to address some of the current challenges of uranium extraction using CDI by incorporating materials informatics and providing an outlook on this matter. This paper provides practical insights into the development and industrial progress of CDI technology in UES, aiming to offer valuable references for the subsequent research on CDI seawater uranium extraction to contribute to the sustainable utilization of seawater resources.

Key words: Capacitive deionization, Uranium extraction from seawater, Economic benefit, Challenge factors, Materials informatics

严国泽, 左彬, 刘少卿, 王桃, 王若愚, 包锦洋, 赵忠舟, 储菲菲, 李政通, YusukeYamauchi, SaadMelhi, 徐兴涛. 电容去离子海水提铀的机遇与挑战[J]. 物理化学学报, 2025, 41(4), 100032. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202404006

Guoze Yan, Bin Zuo, Shaoqing Liu, Tao Wang, Ruoyu Wang, Jinyang Bao, Zhongzhou Zhao, Feifei Chu, Zhengtong Li, Yamauchi Yusuke, Melhi Saad, Xingtao Xu. Opportunities and Challenges of Capacitive Deionization for Uranium Extraction from Seawater[J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2025, 41(4), 100032. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202404006

链接本文: https://www.whxb.pku.edu.cn/CN/10.3866/PKU.WHXB202404006

https://www.whxb.pku.edu.cn/CN/Y2025/V41/I4/100032

图/表 11

图1

图2

表1

图3

表2

图4

表3

图5

图6

图7

图8

参考文献 186

1	Yu H. L. ; Zhou L. M. ; Liu Y. L. ; Ao X. Q. ; Ouyang J. B. ; Liu Z. R. ; Adesina A. A. Desalination 2023, 564, 116773. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2023.116773
2	Du W. Q. ; You W. ; Xu Z. Q. Energies 2022, 15, 4310. doi: 10.3390/en15124310
3	Cui W. R. ; Li F. F. ; Xu R. H. ; Zhang C. R. ; Chen X. R. ; Yan R. H. ; Liang R. P. ; Qiu J. D. Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 2020, 59, 17684. doi: 10.1002/anie.202007895
4	Wu Y. ; Xie Y. H. ; Liu X. L. ; Li Y. ; Wang J. Y. ; Chen Z. S. ; Yang H. ; Hu B. W. ; Shen C. ; Tang Z. W. ; et al Coordin. Chem. Rev. 2023, 483, 215097. doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215097
5	Yuan Y. H. ; Yu Q. H. ; Wen J. ; Li C. Y. ; Guo Z. H. ; Wang X. L. ; Wang N. Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 2019, 58, 11785. doi: 10.1002/anie.201906191
6	Li Y. ; Zheng Y. J. ; Ahamd Z. ; Zhu L. X. ; Yang J. J. ; Chen J. P. ; Zhang Z. P. Coordin. Chem. Rev. 2023, 491, 215234. doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215234
7	Li N. ; Yang L. ; Wang D. ; Tang C. Y. ; Deng W. Q. ; Wang Z. N. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2021, 55, 9181. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08743
8	Zhang D. ; Lin F. ; Liu L. J. ; Zhao B. ; Hu B. W. ; Yu S. J. ; Wang X. K. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2023, 320, 124204. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.124204
9	Li N. ; Wu J. K. ; Su R. D. ; Zhang N. ; Zhao J. ; Wang Z. N. Desalination 2022, 545, 116153. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2022.116153
10	Wang K. ; Liu Y. ; Ding Z. ; Chen Z. ; Xu X. ; Wang M. ; Lu T. ; Pan L. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 433, 133578. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.133578
11	Kim M. ; Xu X. ; Xin R. ; Earnshaw J. ; Ashok A. ; Kim J. ; Park T. ; Nanjundan A. K. ; El-Said W. A. ; Yi J. W. ; et al ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. 2021, 13, 52034. doi: 10.1021/acsami.1c09107
12	Chen L. ; Xu X. ; Wan L. ; Zhu G. ; Li Y. ; Lu T. ; Albaqami M. D. ; Pan L. ; Yamauchi Y. Mater. Chem. Front. 2021, 5, 3480. doi: 10.1039/d0qm00946f
13	Dahiya S. ; Singh A. ; Mishra B. K. Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 417, 128129. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.128129
14	Sayed E. T. ; Olabi A. G. ; Shehata N. ; Muaz Al R. ; Majdy O. M. ; Rodriguez C. ; Atieh M. A. ; Abdelkareem M. A. Ain Shams Eng. J. 2022, 14, 102030. doi: 10.1016/j.asej.2022.102030
15	Kalfa A. ; Shapira B. ; Shopin A. ; Cohen I. ; Avraham E. ; Aurbach D. Chemosphere 2019, 241, 125003. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125003
16	Huang X. ; Guo X. ; Dong Q. ; Liu L. ; Tallon R. ; Chen J. Environ. Sci.-Nano 2019, 6, 3225. doi: 10.1039/c9en00730j
17	Wang Y. H. ; Zhang Y. J. ; Cai N. ; Xue J. Q. J. Environ. Chem, Eng. 2022, 10, 109028. doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2022.109028
18	Zhao C. ; Zhang L. ; Ge R. ; Zhang A. ; Zhang C. ; Chen X. Chemosphere 2018, 217, 763. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.071
19	He C. ; Ma J. ; Zhang C. ; Song J. ; Waite T. D. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 16, 9350. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02807
20	Kim C. ; Lee J. ; Kim S. ; Yoon J. Desalin. Water Treat. 2016, 57, 24682. doi: 10.1080/19443994.2016.1152638
21	Yu H. L. ; Zhou L. M. ; Li Z. Y. ; Liu Y. L. ; Ao X. Q. ; Ouyang J. B. ; Le Z. G. ; Liu Z. R. ; Adesina A. A. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2022, 302, 122169. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122169
22	Yan C. ; Liao Y. ; Shen C. J. ; Weng X. F. ; Lei R. L. ; Liao C. L. ; Zhou Y. X. ; Wang M. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 461, 142012. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.142012
23	Zeng J. J. ; Wang T. ; Wang Y. ; Gao L. ; Sun D. D. ; Ge C. ; Deng D. F. ; Zhu H. D. ; Bando Y. ; Li R. Q. ; et al J. Mater. Chem. A 2023, 11, 23430. doi: 10.1039/d3ta04476a
24	Lu M. ; Liu J. Y. ; Cheng J. ; Wang S. P. ; Yang J. M. Acta Phys.-Chim. Sin. 2014, 30, 2263.
	卢淼; 刘建允; 程健; 王世平; 杨健茂. 物理化学学报, 2014, 30, 2263. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB201410141
25	Wang L. ; Yu F. ; Ma J. Acta Phys.-Chim. Sin. 2017, 33, 1338.
	王雷; 于飞; 马杰. 物理化学学报, 2017, 33, 1338. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB201704113
26	Xiong Y. C. ; Yu F. ; Ma J. Acta Phys.-Chim. Sin. 2022, 38, 2006037.
	熊岳城; 于飞; 马杰. 物理化学学报, 2022, 38, 2006037. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202006037
27	Zhou J. ; Zhang X. Y. ; Zhang Y. Z. ; Wang D. ; Zhou H. J. ; Li J. X. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2022, 283, 120172. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120172
28	Alkhadra M. A. ; Su X. ; Suss M. E. ; Tian H. H. ; Guyes E. N. ; Shocron A. N. ; Conforti K. M. ; De Souza J. P. ; Kim N. ; Tedesco M. ; et al Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, 13547. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00396
29	Taha M. M. ; Ramadan M. ; Abdelhafiz A. ; Nassar M. Y. ; Ahmed S. S. ; Khalil M. M. H. ; Allam N. K. Desalination 2023, 546, 116219. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2022.116219
30	Porada S. ; Zhao R. ; van der Wal A. ; Presser V. ; Biesheuvel P. M. Prog. Mater Sci. 2013, 58, 1388. doi: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2013.03.005
31	Arnold B. B. ; Murphy G. W. J. Phys. Chem. 1961, 65, 135. doi: 10.1021/j100819a038
32	Johnson A. M. ; Newman J. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1971, 118, 510. doi: 10.1149/1.2408094
33	Farmer J. C. ; Fix D. V. ; Mack G. V. ; Pekala R. W. ; Poco J. F. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1996, 143, 159. doi: 10.1149/1.1836402
34	Jia B. ; Zou L. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2012, 548, 23. doi: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.06.016
35	Wang X. Z. ; Li M. G. ; Chen Y. W. ; Cheng R. M. ; Huang S. M. ; Pan L. K. ; Sun Z. Electrochem. Solid. St. 2006, 9 doi: 10.1149/1.2213354
36	Li H. ; Pan L. ; Lu T. ; Zhan Y. ; Nie C. ; Sun Z. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2011, 653, 40. doi: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.01.012
37	Li L. ; Zou L. ; Song H. ; Morris G. Carbon 2009, 47, 775. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2008.11.012
38	Xu X. T. ; Tan H. B. ; Wang Z. M. ; Wang C. ; Pan L. K. ; Kaneti Y. V. ; Yang T. ; Yamauchi Y. Environ. Sci.-Nano 2019, 6, 981. doi: 10.1039/c9en00017h
39	Xu Y. ; Zondlo J. W. ; Finklea H. O. ; Brennsteiner A. Fuel Process. Technol. 2000, 68, 189. doi: 10.1016/s0378-3820(00)00114-4
40	Lee J.-B. ; Park K.-K. ; Eum H.-M. ; Lee C.-W. Desalination 2006, 196, 125. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2006.01.011
41	Jeon S.-I. ; Park H.-R. ; Yeo J.-G. ; Yang S. ; Cho C. H. ; Han M. H. ; Kim D. K. Energy Environ. Sci. 2013, 6, 1471. doi: 10.1039/c3ee24443a
42	Lee J. ; Kim S. ; Kim C. ; Yoon J. Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7, 3683. doi: 10.1039/c4ee02378a
43	Choi J. ; Dorji P. ; Shon H. K. ; Hong S. Desalination 2019, 449, 118. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2018.10.013
44	Zhang C. Y. ; He D. ; Ma J. X. ; Tang W. W. ; Waite T. D. Water Res. 2018, 128, 314. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.10.024
45	Chen R. ; Sheehan T. ; Ng J. L. ; Brucks M. ; Su X. Environ. Sci-Wat. Res. 2020, 6, 258. doi: 10.1039/c9ew00945k
46	Salari K. ; Zarafshan P. ; Khashehchi M. ; Chegini G. ; Etezadi H. ; Karami H. ; Szulzyk-Cieplak J. ; Lagod G. Membranes-Basel 2022, 12, 459. doi: 10.3390/membranes12050459
47	Tang W. W. ; Kovalsky P. ; He D. ; Waite T. D. Water Res. 2015, 84, 342. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.08.012
48	Srimuk P. ; Su X. ; Yoon J. ; Aurbach D. ; Presser V. Nat, Rev. Mater. 2020, 5, 517. doi: 10.1038/s41578-020-0193-1
49	Shocron A. N. ; Atlas I. ; Suss M. E. Curr. Opin. Colloid In. 2022, 60, 101602. doi: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101602
50	Sun K. G. ; Tebyetekerwa M. ; Wang C. ; Wang X. F. ; Zhang X. W. ; Zhao X. S. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2213578. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202213578
51	Samejo B. ; Gul S. ; Samejo S. ; Abro N. Q. ; Yenil N. ; Memon N. Pak. J. Anal. Env. Chem. 2021, 22, 210. doi: 10.21743/pjaec/2021.12.02
52	Zhao X. Y. ; Wei H. X. ; Zhao H. C. ; Wang Y. F. ; Tang N. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2020, 873, 114416. doi: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114416
53	Biesheuvel P. M. ; van der Wal A. J. Membrane Sci. 2010, 346, 256. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2009.09.043
54	Elewa M. M. ; El Batouti M. ; Al-Harby N. F. Materials 2023, 16, 4872.
55	Fritz P. A. ; Zisopoulos F. K. ; Verheggen S. ; Schroën K. ; Boom R. M. Desalination 2018, 444, 162. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2018.01.026
56	Hassanvand A. ; Chen G. Q. ; Webley P. A. ; Kentish S. E. Desalination 2019, 457, 96. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2019.01.031
57	Jain A. ; Kim J. ; Owoseni O. M. ; Weathers C. ; Caña D. ; Zuo K. C. ; Walker W. S. ; Li Q. L. ; Verduzco R. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 52, 5859. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05874
58	Kim Y.-J. ; Choi J.-H. Water Res. 2012, 46, 6033. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.08.031
59	Yeo J.-H. ; Choi J.-H. Desalination 2013, 320, 10. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2013.04.013
60	Dryfe R. A. W. ; Griffin J. M. Curr. Opin. Electrochem. 2022, 35, 101084. doi: 10.1016/j.coelec.2022.101084
61	Xu L. Q. ; Tang L. ; Peng S. ; Mao Y. F. ; Wu D. L. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 446, 137415. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.137415
62	Köller N. ; Mankertz L. ; Finger S. ; Linnartz C. J. ; Wessling M. Desalination 2024, 572, 117096. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2023.117096
63	Rommerskirchen A. ; Ohs B. ; Hepp K. A. ; Femmer R. ; Wessling M. J. Membrane Sci. 2018, 546, 188. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.10.026
64	Tang K. X. ; Yiacoumi S. ; Li Y. P. ; Gabitto J. ; Tsouris C. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2020, 240, 116626. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116626
65	Wang M. ; Hou S. J. ; Liu Y. ; Xu X. T. ; Lu T. ; Zhao R. ; Pan L. K. Electrochim. Acta 2016, 216, 211. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.09.026
66	Siekierka A. Desalination 2022, 527, 115569. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2022.115569
67	Siekierka A. ; Bryjak M. Desalination 2019, 452, 279. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2018.10.009
68	Jin J. ; Li M. ; Tang M. ; Li Y. ; Liu Y. ; Cao H. ; Li F. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2020, 8, 11424. doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c04101
69	Ding Z. ; Xu X. ; Li Y. ; Wang K. ; Lu T. ; Pan L. Desalination 2019, 468, 114078. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2019.114078
70	Gao M. ; Yang Z. ; Liang W. ; Ao T. ; Chen W. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2023, 324, 124577. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.124577
71	Inagaki M. ; Huang Z.-h. New Carbon Mater. 2023, 38, 405. doi: 10.1016/S1872-5805(23)60736-X
72	Kim M. ; Xu X. T. ; Xin R. J. ; Earnshaw J. ; Ashok A. ; Kim J. ; Park T. ; Nanjundan A. K. ; El-Said W. A. ; Yi J. W. ; et al ACS. Appl. Mater. Inter. 2021, 13, 52034. doi: 10.1021/acsami.1c09107
73	Ding Z. B. ; Xu X. T. ; Li J. B. ; Li Y. Q. ; Wang K. ; Lu T. ; Hossain M. S. A. ; Amin M. A. ; Zhang S. H. ; Pan L. K. ; et al Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 430, 133161. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.133161
74	Bao S. ; Xin C. ; Zhang Y. ; Chen B. ; Ding W. ; Luo Y. Energies 2023, 16, 1136. doi: 10.3390/en16031136
75	Zhang S. H. ; Xu X. T. ; Liu X. H. ; Yang Q. ; Shang N. Z. ; Zhao X. X. ; Zang X. H. ; Wang C. ; Wang Z. ; Shapter J. G. ; et al Mater. Horiz. 2022, 9, 1708. doi: 10.1039/d1mh01882e
76	Xu X. T. ; Yang T. ; Zhang Q. W. ; Xia W. ; Ding Z. B. ; Eid K. ; Abdullah A. M. ; Hossain M. S. A. ; Zhang S. H. ; Tang J. ; et al Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 390, 124493. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.124493
77	Xu X. T. ; Allah A. E. ; Wang C. ; Tan H. B. ; Farghali A. A. ; Khedr M. H. ; Malgras V. ; Yang T. ; Yamauchi Y. Chem. Eng. J. 2019, 362, 887. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2019.01.098
78	Tran N. A. T. ; Moon J. ; Kim J. H. ; Park J. T. ; Cho Y. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2023, 324, 124519. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.124519
79	Shreerang D. D. ; Rupali S. M. ; Nitish K. ; Vrushali S. ; Shweta M. ; Neetu J. Desalination 2023, 558, 116619. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2023.116619
80	Shuqian C. ; Jiarui X. ; Ling C. ; Wei H. ; Junjie S. ; Hui G. Processes 2022, 10, 1075. doi: 10.3390/pr10061075
81	Li G.-X. ; Hou P.-X. ; Zhao S.-Y. ; Liu C. ; Cheng H.-M. Carbon 2016, 101, 1. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2015.12.095
82	Wang H. Y. ; You H. H. ; Wu G. Q. ; Huang L. ; Yan J. ; Liu X. J. ; Ma Y. K. ; Wu M. J. ; Zeng Y. L. ; Yu J. X. ; et al Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 460, 141621. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.141621
83	Guyes E. N. ; Shocron A. N. ; Chen Y. ; Diesendruck C. E. ; Suss M. E. NPJ Clean Water 2021, 4, 22. doi: 10.1038/s41545-021-00109-2
84	Na S. ; Hongjian Z. ; Haimin Z. ; Yunxia Z. ; Huijun Z. ; Guozhong W. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 316, 128251. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128251
85	Wang L. ; Dykstra J. E. ; Lin S. H. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 53, 3366. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04858
86	Datar S. D. ; Mane R. ; Jha N. Water Environ. Res. 2022, 94, e10696. doi: 10.1002/wer.10696
87	Al Radi M. ; Sayed E. T. ; Alawadhi H. ; Abdelkareem M. A. Crit. Rev. Env. Sci. Tec. 2021, 52, 3080. doi: 10.1080/10643389.2021.1902698
88	Liu E. ; Lee L. Y. ; Ong S. L. ; Ng H. Y. Water Res. 2020, 183, 116059. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116059
89	Wang Z. ; Gong H. ; Zhang Y. ; Liang P. ; Wang K. Chem. Eng. J. 2017, 316, 1. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2017.01.082
90	Tauk M. ; Bechelany M. ; Sistat P. ; Habchi R. ; Cretin M. ; Zaviska F. Desalination 2024, 572, 117146. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2023.117146
91	Xu, P.; Elson, B.; E Drewes, J. Electrosorption of Heavy Metals with Capacitive Deionization: Water Reuse, Desalination and Resources Recovery. In Desalination; 2019; pp 497–523.
92	Ma J. ; Zhang Y. ; Collins R. N. ; Tsarev S. ; Aoyagi N. ; Kinsela A. S. ; Jones A. M. ; Waite T. D. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 53, 2739. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07157
93	Yan C. ; Liao Y. ; Shen C. ; Weng X. ; Lei R. ; Liao C. ; Zhou Y. ; Wang M. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 461, 142012. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.142012
94	Hu Q. ; Wang D. ; Liang J. ; Liu Z. ; Li J. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2024, 330, 125494. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.125494
95	Chen L. ; Tong D. G. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2020, 250, 117175. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117175
96	Huang Z. W. ; Li Z. J. ; Zheng L. R. ; Zhou L. M. ; Chai Z. F. ; Wang X. L. ; Shi W. Q. Chem. Eng. J. 2017, 328, 1066. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2017.07.067
97	Liu N. J. ; Liang H. ; Wei T. ; Li C. C. ; Gao Q. Q. ; Wang N. N. ; Guo R. B. ; Mo Z. L. Colloid Surface A 2022, 649, 129367. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129367
98	Qi R. ; Hongtao X. ; Yang W. ; Jianqi L. ; Dingzhong Y. ; Yan L. ; Limin Z. ; Yang L. ; Yun W. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2023, 330, 125292. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.125292
99	Cao M. ; Chen L. ; Xu W. ; Gao J. ; Gui Y. ; Ma F. ; Liu P. ; Xue Y. ; Yan Y. J. Water. Process. Eng. 2022, 48, 102930. doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.102930
100	Yu H. ; Zhou L. ; Li Z. ; Liu Y. ; Ao X. ; Ouyang J. ; Le Z. ; Liu Z. ; Adesina A. A. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2022, 302, 122169. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122169
101	Xue Y. ; Cao M. ; Gao J. ; Gui Y. ; Chen J. ; Liu P. ; Ma F. ; Yan Y. ; Qiu M. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2021, 255, 117753. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117753
102	Dalla Valle A. ; Furlan C. Technol. Forecast. Soc. 2014, 81, 143. doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2013.04.019
103	Zhu K. ; Lu S. ; Gao Y. ; Zhang R. ; Tan X. ; Chen C. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2017, 396, 1726. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.11.230
104	Kabay N. ; Demircioglu M. ; Yayli S. ; Gunay E. ; Yuksel M. ; Saglam M. ; Streat M. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1998, 37, 1983. doi: 10.1021/ie970518k
105	Beltrami D. ; Cote G. ; Mokhtari H. ; Courtaud B. ; Moyer B. A. ; Chagnest A. Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 12002. doi: 10.1021/cr5001546
106	Zhou C. ; Ontiveros-Valencia A. ; de Saint Cyr L. C. ; Zevin A. S. ; Carey S. E. ; Krajmalnik-Brown R. ; Rittmann B. E. Water Res. 2014, 64, 255. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.07.013
107	Liu P. ; Yan T. ; Zhang J. ; Shi L. ; Zhang D. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 14748. doi: 10.1039/c7ta03515b
108	Li J. ; Wang X. ; Wang H. ; Wang S. ; Hayat T. ; Alsaedi A. ; Wang X. Environ. Sci.-Nano 2017, 4, 1114. doi: 10.1039/c7en00019g
109	Anderson M. A. ; Cudero A. L. ; Palma J. Electrochim. Acta 2010, 55, 3845. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.02.012
110	Jung J.-C. ; Jang S. ; Oh S. ; Park O.-S. J. Chem. Sci. 2010, 122, 833. doi: 10.1007/s12039-010-0071-2
111	Ma C.-Y. ; Huang S.-C. ; Chou P.-H. ; Den W. ; Hou C.-H. Chemosphere 2016, 146, 113. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.012
112	Patel S. K. ; Ritt C. L. ; Deshmukh A. ; Wang Z. ; Qin M. ; Epsztein R. ; Elimelech M. Energy Environ. Sci. 2020, 13, 1694. doi: 10.1039/d0ee00341g
113	Thamilselvan A. ; Nesaraj A. S. ; Noel M. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016, 13, 2961. doi: 10.1007/s13762-016-1061-9
114	Wu X. ; Li K. ; Ying S. ; Liu L. ; Wang M. ; Liao Y. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 2019, 321, 977. doi: 10.1007/s10967-019-06650-2
115	Liu Y. ; Tang X. ; Zhou L. ; Liu Z. ; Ouyang J. ; Dai Y. ; Le Z. ; Adesina A. A. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2022, 290, 120827. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120827
116	Tang X. ; Zhou L. ; Xi J. ; Ouyang J. ; Liu Z. ; Chen Z. ; Adesina A. A. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2021, 274, 119005. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119005
117	Tang X. ; Zhou L. ; Yu H. ; Dai Y. ; Ouyang J. ; Liu Z. ; Wang Y. ; Le Z. ; Adesina A. A. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2022, 278, 119604. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119604
118	Gao X. ; Omosebi A. ; Landon J. ; Liu K. Energy Environ. Sci. 2015, 8, 897. doi: 10.1039/c4ee03172e
119	Liao Y. ; Yan C. ; Zeng K. ; Liao C. ; Wang M. Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 424, 130351. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.130351
120	Liao Y. ; Lei R. ; Weng X. ; Yan C. ; Fu J. ; Wei G. ; Zhang C. ; Wang M. ; Wang H. J. Hazard. Mater. 2023, 442, 130054. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130054
121	Tian S. ; Zhang X. ; Zhang Z. Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 409, 128200. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.128200
122	Hussain T. ; Wang Y. ; Xiong Z. ; Yang J. ; Xie Z. ; Liu J. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2018, 532, 343. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.07.129
123	Yan C. ; Kanaththage Y. W. ; Short R. ; Gibson C. T. ; Zou L. Desalination 2014, 344, 274. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2014.03.041
124	Zhou J. ; Zhou H. ; Zhang Y. ; Wu J. ; Zhang H. ; Wang G. ; Li J. Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 398, 125460. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.125460
125	Yu H. ; Zhou L. ; Liu Y. ; Ao X. ; Ouyang J. ; Liu Z. ; Adesina A. A. Desalination 2023, 564, 116773. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2023.116773
126	Shuang M. ; Zhou L. ; Liu Y. ; Yu H. ; Ao X. ; Ouyang J. ; Liu Z. ; Shehzad H. ; Adesina A. A. J. Environ. Chem, Eng. 2023, 11, 111498. doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2023.111498
127	Tang W. ; Liang J. ; He D. ; Gong J. ; Tang L. ; Liu Z. ; Wang D. ; Zeng G. Water Res. 2019, 150, 225. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.064
128	Hatzell K. B. ; Hatzell M. C. ; Cook K. M. ; Boota M. ; Housel G. M. ; McBride A. ; Kumbur E. C. ; Gogotsi Y. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 3040. doi: 10.1021/es5055989
129	Zhou J. ; Zhang X. ; Zhang Y. ; Wang D. ; Zhou H. ; Li J. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2022, 283, 120172. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120172
130	Bales C. ; Kinsela A. S. S. ; Miller C. ; Wang Y. ; Zhu Y. ; Lian B. ; Waite T. D. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2023, 57, 11345. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03477
131	Gamaethiralalage J. G. ; Singh K. ; Sahin S. ; Yoon J. ; Elimelech M. ; Suss M. E. ; Liang P. ; Biesheuvel P. M. ; Zornitta R. L. ; de Smet L. C. P. M. Energy Environ. Sci. 2021, 14, 1095. doi: 10.1039/d0ee03145c
132	Rana-Madaria P. ; Nagarajan M. ; Rajagopal C. ; Garg B. S. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2005, 44, 6549. doi: 10.1021/ie050321p
133	Hou C.-H. ; Huang C.-Y. Desalination 2013, 314, 124. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2012.12.029
134	Avraham E. ; Yaniv B. ; Soffer A. ; Aurbach D. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 7385. doi: 10.1021/jp711706z
135	Huang Z. ; Lu L. ; Cai Z. ; Ren Z. J. J. Hazard. Mater. 2016, 302, 323. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.09.064
136	Kumar S. ; Aldaqqa N. M. ; Alhseinat E. ; Shetty D. Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 2023, 62, e202302180. doi: 10.1002/anie.202302180
137	Han B. ; Cheng G. ; Wang Y. ; Wang X. Chem. Eng. J. 2018, 360, 364. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2018.11.236
138	Liu Q. ; Wang N. ; Xie B. ; Xiao D. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2023, 308, 122866. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122866
139	Zhang Y. ; Zhou J. ; Wang D. ; Cao R. ; Li J. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 430, 132702. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.132702
140	Wang D. ; Zhou J. ; Zhang Y. ; Zhang J. ; Liang J. ; Zhang J. ; Li J. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 463, 142413. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.142413
141	Xiang S. ; Mao H. ; Geng W. ; Xu Y. ; Zhou H. J. Hazard. Mater. 2022, 431, 128591. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128591
142	Liu C. ; Hsu P.-C. ; Xie J. ; Zhao J. ; Wu T. ; Wang H. ; Liu W. ; Zhang J. ; Chu S. ; Cui Y. Nat. Energy 2017, 2, 17007. doi: 10.1038/nenergy.2017.7
143	Liao Y. ; Wang M. ; Chen D. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2019, 484, 83. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.04.103
144	Yuan Y. ; Yu Q. ; Cao M. ; Feng L. ; Feng S. ; Liu T. ; Feng T. ; Yan B. ; Guo Z. ; Wang N. Nat. Sustain. 2021, 4, 708. doi: 10.1038/s41893-021-00709-3
145	Wongsawaeng D. ; Wongjaikham W. ; Hosemann P. ; Swantomo D. ; Basuki K. T. Int. J. EnergyRes. 2020, 45, 1748. doi: 10.1002/er.5845
146	Ma C. ; Gao J. ; Wang D. ; Yuan Y. ; Wen J. ; Yan B. ; Zhao S. ; Zhao X. ; Sun Y. ; Wang X. ; et al Adv. Sci. 2019, 6, 1900085. doi: 10.1002/advs.201900085
147	Lindner H. ; Schneider E. Energy Econ. 2015, 49, 9. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2015.01.016
148	Zhu W. ; Li X. ; Wang D. ; Fu F. ; Liang Y. Nanomaterials 2023, 13, 2005. doi: 10.3390/nano13132005
149	Li P. ; Wang Y. ; Wang J. ; Dong L. ; Zhang W. ; Lu Z. ; Liang J. ; Pan D. ; Fan Q. Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 414, 128810. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.128810
150	Feng L. ; Wang H. ; Feng T. ; Yan B. ; Yu Q. ; Zhang J. ; Guo Z. ; Yuan Y. ; Ma C. ; Liu T. ; et al Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 2022, 61, e202101015. doi: 10.1002/anie.202101015
151	Gan J. L. ; Zhang L. Y. ; Wang Q. L. ; Xin Q. ; Hu E. ; Lei Z. W. ; Wang H. Q. Desalination 2023, 545, 116154. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2022.116154
152	Qin X. D. ; Yang W. T. ; Yang W. K. ; Ma Y. ; Li M. L. ; Chen C. ; Pan Q. H. Micropor. Mesopor. Mat. 2021, 323, 111231. doi: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2021.111231
153	Xu H. B. ; Bai Z. Y. ; Zhang M. L. ; Wang J. ; Yan Y. D. ; Qiu M. ; Chen J. M. Dalton Trans. 2020, 49, 7535. doi: 10.1039/d0dt00618a
154	Chen T. ; Yu K. F. ; Dong C. X. ; Yuan X. ; Gong X. ; Lian J. ; Cao X. ; Li M. Z. ; Zhou L. ; Hu B. W. ; et al Coordin. Chem. Rev. 2022, 467, 214615. doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214615
155	Liu X. L. ; Xie Y. H. ; Hao M. J. ; Chen Z. S. ; Yang H. ; Waterhouse G. I. N. ; Ma S. Q. ; Wang X. K. Adv. Sci. 2022, 9, 2201735. doi: 10.1002/advs.202201735
156	Pu Y. D. ; Qiang T. T. ; Ren L. F. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2022, 206, 699. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.019
157	Wu R. Z. ; Han Z. ; Chen H. Y. ; Cao G. ; Shen T. T. ; Cheng X. ; Tang Y. Y. ACS ES & T Water 2021, 1, 980. doi: 10.1021/acsestwater.0c00262
158	Zhang Y. F. ; Gao J. ; Deng Z. Q. ; Li Z. M. ; Wang F. J. ; Chen S. S. ; Deng P. Y. Adv. Sustain. Syst. 2023, 7, 2300393. doi: 10.1002/adsu.202300393
159	Das A. ; Gupta J. ; Gupta N. ; Banerjee R. H. ; Anitha M. ; Singh D. K. Inorg. Chem. Commun. 2023, 156, 111284. doi: 10.1016/j.inoche.2023.111284
160	Zhao Z. W. ; Lei R. C. ; Zhang Y. Z. ; Cai T. T. ; Han B. J. Mol. Liq. 2022, 367, 120514. doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120514
161	Yu K. ; Pan H. Y. ; Jiang Y. F. ; Zhang T. R. ; Zhang H. G. ; Ma F. ; Song H. ; Yang Y. ; Pan J. M. Desalination 2023, 566, 116893. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2023.116893
162	Lin K. ; Su W. Y. ; Feng L. J. ; Wang H. ; Feng T. T. ; Zhang J. C. ; Cao M. ; Zhao S. L. ; Yuan Y. H. ; Wang N. Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 430, 133121. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.133121
163	Chen S. P. ; Luo Q. ; Wang W. ; Li L. Q. ; Li Y. L. ; Wang N. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2023, 336, 126170. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.126170
164	Liu X. ; Yang J.-L. ; Rittschof D. ; Maki J. S. ; Gu J.-D. Trends. Ecol. Evol. 2022, 37, 469. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.02.009
165	Pu Y. ; Qiang T. ; Ren L. Desalination 2022, 531, 115721. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2022.115721
166	Shi S. ; Wu R. ; Meng S. ; Xiao G. ; Ma C. ; Yang G. ; Wang N. J. Hazard. Mater. 2022, 436, 128983. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128983
167	Sun Y. ; Liu R. ; Wen S. ; Wang J. ; Chen L. ; Yan B. ; Peng S. ; Ma C. ; Cao X. ; Ma C. ; et al Acs. Appl. Mater. Inter. 2021, 13, 21272. doi: 10.1021/acsami.1c02882
168	Qi L. ; Hu Y. ; Liu Z. ; An X. ; Bar-Zeev E. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 52, 9684. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06382
169	Wei Q. ; Wu C. ; Zhang J. ; Cui Z. ; Jiang T. ; Li J. React. Funct. Polym. 2021, 169, 105068. doi: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.105068
170	Lei J. ; Yu F. ; Xie H. ; Ma J. Chem. Sci. 2023, 14, 3610. doi: 10.1039/d2sc06946f
171	Jin D. H. ; Wang Y. ; Song D. L. ; Zhu J. H. ; Yu J. ; Liu Q. ; Liu J. R. ; Li R. M. ; Liu P. L. ; Wang J. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2023, 330, 125186. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.125186
172	Jiao G. J. ; Ma J. L. ; Zhang J. Q. ; Li Y. C. ; Liu K. N. ; Sun R. C. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2022, 287, 120571. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120571
173	Mei D. ; Liu L. ; Li H. ; Wang Y. ; Ma F. ; Zhang C. ; Dong H. J. Hazard. Mater. 2021, 422, 126872. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126872
174	Herzberg M. ; Pandit S. ; Mauter M. S. ; Oren Y. J. Membrane Sci. 2020, 596, 117564. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117564
175	Liu P. ; An M. Y. ; He T. ; Li P. ; Ma F. Q. Materials 2023, 16, 6451. doi: 10.3390/ma16196451
176	Pandit S. ; Shanbhag S. ; Mauter M. ; Oren Y. ; Herzberg M. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2017, 51, 10022. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06339
177	Jiang Y. ; Jin L. ; Wei D. ; Alhassan S. I. ; Wang H. ; Chai L. Int. J. Env. Res. Pub. He. 2022, 19, 10599. doi: 10.3390/ijerph191710599
178	Liu M. ; He M. ; Han J. ; Sun Y. ; Jiang H. ; Li Z. ; Li Y. ; Zhang H. Sustainability 2022, 14, 14429. doi: 10.3390/su142114429
179	Liu Y. ; Gao X. ; Zhang L. ; Du X. ; Dou X. ; Shen X. ; Zhu H. ; Yuan X. Curr. Nanosci. 2022, 18, 2. doi: 10.2174/1573413716666210101120710
180	Xu Y. ; Zhong Z. ; Zeng X. ; Zhao Y. ; Deng W. ; Chen Y. Appl.Sci.-Basel. 2023, 13, 5635. doi: 10.3390/app13095635
181	Zhang B. ; Boretti A. ; Castelletto S. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 435, 134959. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.134959
182	Suss M. E. ; Presser V. Joule 2018, 2, 10. doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2017.12.010
183	Suss M. E. ; Porada S. ; Sun X. ; Biesheuvel P. M. ; Yoon J. ; Presser V. Energy Environ. Sci. 2015, 8, 2296. doi: 10.1039/c5ee00519a
184	Mahmood A. ; Wang J.-L. Energy Environ. Sci. 2021, 14, 90. doi: 10.1039/d0ee02838j
185	Ramakrishna S. ; Zhang T.-Y. ; Lu W.-C. ; Qian Q. ; Low J. S. C. ; Yune J. H. R. ; Tan D. Z. L. ; Bressan S. ; Sanvito S. ; Kalidindi S. R. J. Intell. Manuf. 2019, 30, 2307. doi: 10.1007/s10845-018-1392-0
186	Chaikittisilp W. ; Yamauchi Y. ; Ariga K. Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 2107212. doi: 10.1002/adma.202107212

Electrode material/Type	Electrosorption mechanism	Adsorption performance		Ref.
Electrode material/Type	Electrosorption mechanism	Uptake capacity	Removal ratio	Ref.
3DG	EDL formation	113.80 mg∙g⁻¹ (at 1.8 Ⅴ)	N/A	111
CS/GO	EDL formation and complexation	271.2 mg∙g⁻¹ (at 0.9 Ⅴ)	N/A	112
CS/BC	EDL formation, ion exchange and complexation	207.6 mg∙g⁻¹ (at 0.9 Ⅴ and pH 4.0)	N/A	113
PVA/GO	EDL formation and complexation	333.0 mg∙g⁻¹ (at 0.9 Ⅴ)	N/A	114
RGH	EDL, extra micro electric field and complexation	N/A	97.9% (at 1.2 Ⅴ and 4 h)	116
HGNbP	Electro-adsorption, electro-reduction and coordination	1340 mg∙g⁻¹ (in 1000 mg∙L⁻¹ U(Ⅵ) solution)	99.9% (within 30 min in 50 mg∙L⁻¹ U(Ⅵ) solution)	117
WO₃/C	Synergistic effect of EDLs and pseudocapacitive from WO₃/C	449.9 mg∙g⁻¹ (at 1.2 Ⅴ)	N/A	121
CMPC	EDLs and pseudocapacitive	410.33 mg∙g⁻¹ (at 1.2 Ⅴ).	95.2%	91
CC/PANI	Hybrid capacitive adsorption and coordination	282.2 mg∙g⁻¹ (at 0.9 Ⅴ and pH 4.0)	N/A	122
GO/PPy	EDL and pseudocapacitive adsorption and complexation	246.5 mg∙g⁻¹ (at pH 4.0 and 0.9 Ⅴ)	N/A	123
FCDI	Electrosorption and electroreduction	The volume of uranium-containing water was reduced from 2400 mL to 40 mL	99%	126
MCDI	Electrosorption	N/A	98.9% (a groundwater source containing 50 μg∙L⁻¹ uranium)	127

Electrode material	Electrosorption mechanism	Performance		Ref.
Electrode material	Electrosorption mechanism	Uptake capacity	Comparation	Ref.
NHPC	UO₂²⁺ and NHPC produce synergistic effects through coulomb interaction and reduction reaction	152.43 mg∙g⁻¹	K_d = 1620.84 mL∙g⁻¹	135
CMM	MXene provides a pseudocapacitance/intercalation effect and the conductive base	582.46 mg∙g⁻¹ (at 1.2 Ⅴ)	92.3% multi-ionic solution	136
Amorphous BP nanosheets	The strong coordination between P and U	In aqueous solutions ranging from 0.05 to 130 mg∙L⁻¹, the maximum adsorption capacity is 2584 mg∙g⁻¹.	When nine kinds of ions coexist and the concentration is 100 times, the material maintains good selectivity for uranyl ions.	92
CSKN-15	The redox fixation of U(Ⅵ)	78.34 mg∙g⁻¹ in seawater	S_U/M is higher than 120.	137
HGP hydrogel	The physi-, chemi-, and electro-sorption simultaneously took effect	545.7 mg∙g⁻¹ (at 1.2 Ⅴ and pH 5.0)	S_U/M values for each cation are far above 1.	140

Technologies	Raw material cost	Working cost	Site and system maintenance cost	Total cost
Chemical reduction	＄20 to ＄41	＄20 to ＄100	＄40 to ＄120	＄80 to ＄261
Microbial reduction	＄20 to ＄41	＄50 to ＄130	＄30 to ＄56	＄100 to ＄227
Photocatalytic reduction	＄20 to ＄41	＄23 to ＄30	＄＄30 to ＄60	＄73 to ＄131
CDI	＄40 to ＄80	＄0.74 to ＄1.75	＄10 to ＄80	＄50.74 to ＄161.75

[1]	项书宏, 杨旅, 徐应生, 曹国新, 周宏建. 利用碳纳米管分散的亚铁氰化锌钾电极选择性电吸附高盐放射性废水中的铯(Ⅰ)[J]. 物理化学学报, 2025, 41(9): 100097 - .
[2]	陈泽秋, 蔡黎淼, 关杰, 李瞻洋, 王昊, 郭耀广, 徐兴涛, 潘丽坤. 电容去离子提锂技术中电极材料的研究进展[J]. 物理化学学报, 2025, 41(8): 100089 - .
[3]	黄鋆, 聂鹏飞, 鲁勇朝, 李佳洋, 王怡文, 刘建允. 丝光沸石负载自支撑氮掺杂多孔碳纳米纤维电容器及高效选择性去除硬度离子[J]. 物理化学学报, 2025, 41(7): 100066 - .
[4]	叶萍, 覃玲霜, 贺萌瑶, 巫方方, 陈增烨, 梁明星, 邓立波. 荷叶衍生多孔碳的零电荷电位调节实现废水中电化学捕集镉离子[J]. 物理化学学报, 2025, 41(3): 100023 - .
[5]	王卓, 白雪, 张可新, 王鸿志, 董家宝, 高源, 赵斌. MOF模板法合成氮掺杂碳材料用于增强电化学钠离子储存和去除[J]. 物理化学学报, 2025, 41(3): 100026 - .
[6]	张泽豪, 王政, 李海波. V₂CF_x MXene衍生2D V₂O₃@介孔碳纳米片的制备及其电容脱盐特性[J]. 物理化学学报, 2024, 40(8): 2308020 - .
[7]	张笑晨, 于飞, 马杰. 多角度数理模拟在电容去离子中的前沿应用[J]. 物理化学学报, 2024, 40(11): 2311026 - .
[8]	熊岳城, 于飞, 马杰. 电容去离子除氯电极的构建及其脱盐性能研究进展[J]. 物理化学学报, 2022, 38(5): 2006037 - .
[9]	王雷,于飞,马杰. 石墨烯基电极材料的设计和构建及其在电容去离子中的应用[J]. 物理化学学报, 2017, 33(7): 1338 -1353 .

电容去离子海水提铀的机遇与挑战

Opportunities and Challenges of Capacitive Deionization for Uranium Extraction from Seawater

RichHTML

PDF

赞

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 11

参考文献 186

相关文章 9

Metrics

推荐阅读 0