Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (8): 100089.doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100089
Special Issue: Electrochemical Separation and Recycling
• REVIEW • Previous Articles Next Articles
Advanced electrode materials in capacitive deionization for efficient lithium extraction
Zeqiu Chen1, Limiao Cai1, Jie Guan1, Zhanyang Li1, Hao Wang2, Yaoguang Guo1,*(
), Xingtao Xu3,*(), Likun Pan2,4,*()
- 1 Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China
2 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
3 Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, Zhejiang Province, China
4 Institute of Magnetic Resonance and Molecular Imaging in Medicine, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
-
Received:2025-01-17Revised:2025-04-03Accepted:2025-04-07Published:2025-06-07 -
Contact:Email: ygguo@sspu.edu.cn (Yaoguang Guo)lkpan@phy.ecnu.edu.cn (Likun Pan)xingtao.xu@zjou.edu.cn (Xingtao Xu) -
Supported by:the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52400174); the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52270129); the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52370142); Shanghai Sailing Program(24YF2714000); Oriental Talent Youth Program, and Shanghai Shuguang Program(23SG52)
Cite this article
Zeqiu Chen, Limiao Cai, Jie Guan, Zhanyang Li, Hao Wang, Yaoguang Guo, Xingtao Xu, Likun Pan. Advanced electrode materials in capacitive deionization for efficient lithium extraction[J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2025, 41(8), 100089. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100089
share this article
Table 1
The range of values of the indicator."
| Indicator | Range of values |
| TOP N | No concrete limitations |
| Q | Q ranges from 0 to 1 Q > 0.3 indicates a distinct and cohesive network community structure |
| S | S ranges from 0 to 1 S > 0.5 suggests reasonable clustering validity S > 0.7 demonstrates high reliability |
Table 1
Fig 1
Timeline chart for keyword cluster analysis."
Fig 1
Fig 2
(a) Ionic and hydration radius derived from alkali and alkaline earth metal elements [71]. Copyright 2020, Cell Press. (b) Principal electrode materials for aqueous lithium-ion batteries [72]. Copyright 2010, Springer Nature. (c) LiFePO4, LiMn2O4, LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 structure diagram (left to right)."
Fig 2
Fig 3
Summary chart of typical and advanced materials with excellent lithium selectivity."
Fig 3
Table 2
Different capacitive deionization systems for lithium extraction."
| Methods | Cathode | Anode | Adsorption capacity | Separation factor | Selectivity factor | Energy consumption | Ref. |
| MCDI | LMO/LAO | Active carbon | 900 μmol·g−1 | 0.67 kWh∙m−3 | [ | ||
| LMO | Active carbon | 0.35 μmol·g−1 | 23.3 Wh∙g−1 | [ | |||
| Active carbon | Active carbon | SLi/Mg = 2.95 | 0.0018 kWh∙mol−1 | [ | |||
| HCDI | LMO/GO | Active carbon | 720.2 μmol·g−1 | [ | |||
| GO/La-LMO | Active carbon | 1.33 mmol·g−1 | [ | ||||
| CNTs-LMO | Active carbon | 11.11 mg·g−1 | 3.6 Wh∙mol−1 | [ | |||
| λ-MnO2 | Active carbon | 18.1 mg·g−1 | 0.99 Wh∙mol−1 | [ | |||
| rGO/LMO | Active carbon | 4.34 mmol·g−1 | [ | ||||
| LMTO | Active carbon (AEM) | 28.6 mg·g−1 | 1.54–12.10 Wh∙mol−1 | [ | |||
| FCDI | Nanoporous Active carbon (CEM) | Nanoporous Active carbon (AEM) | [ | ||||
| (CEM) | (AEM) | SLi/Na = 141 ± 5.85 SLi/K = 46 ± 1.46 | 16.70 ± 1.63 kWh∙kg−1 | [ | |||
| RCDI | Li1-xMn2O4 | LiMn2O4 | 18 mg·g−1 | FMg/Li from 147.8 to 0.37 | SLi/Na = 5.94 SLi/K = 9.16 SLi/Mg = 42.95 SLi/Al = 73.93 | [ | |
| LiMn2O4 | Li1-xMn2O4 | 34.69 mg·g−1 | 6.76 Wh∙mol−1 | [ | |||
| FePO4 | LiFePO4 | 32 mg·g−1 | FMg/Li from 48.4 to 0.5 | [ | |||
| NaFePO4 | FePO4 | SLi/Na = 18000 | [ |
Table 2
Fig 4
(a) Schematic illustration of desalination via CDI module. (b) Selective recovery process of lithium ions in MCDI system [109]. Copyright 2025, Elsevier. (c) Experimental setup and reaction mechanism of the MSCDI system [110]. (d) Selection coefficients and the removal of Li+ and Mg2+ in tests with various CDI systems [110]. (e) Performance of MSCDI modules in separation with varying Mg/Li feed ratios [110]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier."
Fig 4
Fig 5
(a) Preparation of three-dimensional graphene oxide/lanthanum-doped lithium manganese oxide (3D GO/La-LMO) composites 112. (b) Lithium adsorption capacity and cycling stability of GO/La-LMO in CDI batteries 112. Copyright 2024, Elsevier. (c) Schematic diagram of rGO/LMO electrode materials and cycling stability 114. Copyright 2024, Elsevier. (d) Separation factor of Li+/Mg2+ in the HCDI system 115. Copyright 2022, Elsevier."
Fig 5
Fig 6
(a) Innovative electrolytic membrane process flow diagram for Li-MFCDI 117. (b) Schematic representation of the lithium membrane Li-MFCDI cell 117. Copyright 2023, Elsevier."
Fig 6
Fig 7
(a) Novel lithium-ion battery configuration was developed based on RCDI, comprising 'LiMn2O4 (anode)|supporting electrolyte|anionic membrane|brine|Li1−xMn2O4 (cathode, 0 < x < 1)' [118]. (b) Lithium recovery in RCDI system [118]. (c) Capacity stability after 100 cycles [118]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier."
Fig 7
Fig 8
(a) Feature selection for the MCDI long-term cycle time prediction model [144]. (b) Feature selection to optimize the operating parameters of the MCDI model [144]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. (c) Basic algorithmic principles of different machine learning models, including output and predictor variables [146]. Copyright 2024, American Chemical Society."
Fig 8
| 1 |
doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18402-y |
| 2 |
doi: 10.1080/08827508.2022.2117172 |
| 3 |
doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-99912-7 |
| 4 |
doi: 10.1007/s11837-013-0666-4 |
| 5 |
doi: 10.31035/cg2022088 |
| 6 |
doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117807 |
| 7 |
doi: 10.31035/cg2023061 |
| 8 |
doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2022.115611 |
| 9 |
doi: 10.1039/c7ew00020k |
| 10 |
doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118822 |
| 11 |
doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2019.105868 |
| 12 |
doi: 10.1021/ie502749n |
| 13 |
doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2018.01.005 |
| 14 |
doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2017.04.007 |
| 15 |
doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2022.116225 |
| 16 |
doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2003.11.008 |
| 17 |
doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2013.03.009 |
| 18 |
doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2019.114081 |
| 19 |
doi: 10.1595/205651317x696676 |
| 20 |
doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2022.115951 |
| 21 |
doi: 10.1002/adma.201905440 |
| 22 |
doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111813 |
| 23 |
doi: 10.1021/acs.iecr.3c03744 |
| 24 |
doi: 10.1016/j.pnsc.2020.01.017 |
| 25 |
doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2024.215835 |
| 26 |
doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.064 |
| 27 |
doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2021.114930 |
| 28 |
doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2024.118035 |
| 29 |
doi: 10.1002/smll.202401214 |
| 30 |
doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2024.129423 |
| 31 |
doi: 10.1016/j.ensm.2024.103710 |
| 32 |
doi: 10.1039/d3qi01705b |
| 33 |
doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2018.01.035 |
| 34 |
doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2024.118450 |
| 35 |
doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2020.114883 |
| 36 |
doi: 10.3390/su142114429 |
| 37 |
doi: 10.1016/j.efmat.2023.11.001 |
| 38 |
doi: 10.1002/wics.89 |
| 39 |
doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2022.115562 |
| 40 |
doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2023.117107 |
| 41 |
doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2018.05.001 |
| 42 |
doi: 10.1007/s12665-017-6885-1 |
| 43 |
doi: 10.1080/08827508.2022.2047041 |
| 44 |
doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2007.05.016 |
| 45 |
doi: 10.16/jdesal.2015.020 |
| 46 |
doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.378.318 |
| 47 |
doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2014.10.043 |
| 48 |
doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2005.12.001 |
| 49 |
doi: 10.21/ba-1960-0027.ch020 |
| 50 |
doi: 10.1149/1.2408094 |
| 51 |
doi: 10.1038/s41578-020-0193-1 |
| 52 |
doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2017.09.005 |
| 53 |
doi: 10.1039/c2ee22977c |
| 54 |
doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.102786 |
| 55 |
doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.153808 |
| 56 |
doi: 10.1039/d4mh00773e |
| 57 |
doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121510 |
| 58 |
doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.125084 |
| 59 |
doi: 10.1038/s41578-021-00314-y |
| 60 |
doi: 10.3390/membranes12050459 |
| 61 |
doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.131680 |
| 62 |
doi: 10.3390/en16031136 |
| 63 |
doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.147986 |
| 64 |
doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2023.104379 |
| 65 |
doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2023.116652 |
| 66 |
doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2024.129285 |
| 67 |
doi: 10.1002/adfm.202414805 |
| 68 |
doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.148923 |
| 69 |
doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2023.116569 |
| 70 |
doi: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07646 |
| 71 |
doi: 10.1016/j.matt.2022.04.034 |
| 72 |
doi: 10.1038/nchem.763 |
| 73 |
doi: 10.1038/35104644 |
| 74 |
doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2012.11.013 |
| 75 |
doi: 10.1016/0025-5408(84)90088-6 |
| 76 |
doi: 10.1007/s12274-023-6121-0 |
| 77 |
doi: 10.1080/01496399308019512 |
| 78 |
doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2021.115112 |
| 79 |
doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118009 |
| 80 |
doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2008.06.123 |
| 81 |
doi: 10.3390/batteries8110225 |
| 82 |
doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2018.05.030 |
| 83 |
doi: 10.1002/adma.201800863 |
| 84 |
doi: 10.1002/adma.201505918 |
| 85 |
doi: 10.1007/s40843-023-2526-8 |
| 86 |
doi: 10.1002/eem2.12586 |
| 87 |
doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.05.027 |
| 88 |
doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.10.137 |
| 89 |
doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.02.161 |
| 90 |
doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135314 |
| 91 |
doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-53195-1 |
| 92 |
doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.02.180 |
| 93 |
doi: 10.1016/j.jpcs.2019.109303 |
| 94 |
doi: 10.1002/advs.201700786 |
| 95 |
doi: 10.1002/smtd.202200508 |
| 96 |
doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2023.117154 |
| 97 |
doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2020.114360 |
| 98 |
doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.12.181 |
| 99 |
doi: 10.1002/anie.202106259 |
| 100 |
doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-13648-7 |
| 101 |
doi: 10.1039/c6cs00426a |
| 102 |
doi: 10.1039/c9sc03916c |
| 103 |
doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2024.114520 |
| 104 |
doi: 10.1002/aenm.201801257 |
| 105 |
doi: 10.1039/c7ta08268a |
| 106 |
doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2022.116201 |
| 107 |
doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2024.117403 |
| 108 |
doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114904 |
| 109 |
doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2024.118195 |
| 110 |
doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.09.006 |
| 111 |
doi: 10.1007/s10008-023-05461-6 |
| 112 |
doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2024.127693 |
| 113 |
doi: 10.1021/acsaem.1c02654 |
| 114 |
doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.148802 |
| 115 |
doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2022.115569 |
| 116 |
doi: 10.3390/en12152913 |
| 117 |
doi: 10.1016/j.memlet.2023.100059 |
| 118 |
doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2021.114935 |
| 119 |
doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2022.115767 |
| 120 |
doi: 10.1002/gch2.201700079 |
| 121 |
doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2020.05.017 |
| 122 |
doi: 10.1039/c3ee42209g |
| 123 |
doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.08.012 |
| 124 |
doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2016.09.016 |
| 125 |
doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2006.01.011 |
| 126 |
doi: 10.5004/dwt.2017.20431 |
| 127 |
doi: 10.1039/c4ee02378a |
| 128 |
doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2024.215923 |
| 129 |
doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.11.045 |
| 130 |
doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116234 |
| 131 |
doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116660 |
| 132 |
doi: 10.1039/c3ee24443a |
| 133 |
doi: 10.1149/2.0761603jes |
| 134 |
doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2015.08.013 |
| 135 |
doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2024.117850 |
| 136 |
doi: 10.1039/d0ta09531a |
| 137 |
doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.146676 |
| 138 |
doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122374 |
| 139 |
doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2023.116715 |
| 140 |
doi: 10.1039/d3ta07069g |
| 141 |
doi: 10.1021/acsami.7b02712 |
| 142 |
doi: 10.1039/c8ta04813d |
| 143 |
doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2021.115197 |
| 144 |
doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119349 |
| 145 |
doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2022.115992 |
| 146 |
doi: 10.1021/acsestengg.4c00142 |
| 147 |
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159158 |
| [1] | Hui Zhang, Zijian Zhao, Yajing Wang, Kai Ni, Yanfei Wang, Liang Zhu, Jianyun Liu, Xiaoyu Zhao. Structurally engineered solvent-free LiFePO4 electrodes via hot-pressing with efficient ion transport pathways for lithium extraction from brine [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2026, 42(2): 100130-. |
| [2] | Yun Chen, Daijie Deng, Li Xu, Xingwang Zhu, Henan Li, Chengming Sun. Covalent bond modulation of charge transfer for sensitive heavy metal ion analysis in a self-powered electrochemical sensing platform [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2026, 42(1): 100144-. |
| [3] | Lei Wang, Panpan Zhang, Zhiyuan Guo, Jing Wang, Jie Ma, Zhi-yong Ji. Electrochemical lithium extraction by the faradaic materials: advances, challenges and enhancement approaches [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2026, 42(1): 100127-. |
| [4] | Shuhong Xiang, Lv Yang, Yingsheng Xu, Guoxin Cao, Hongjian Zhou. Selective electrosorption of Cs(Ⅰ) from high-salinity radioactive wastewater using CNT-interspersed potassium zinc ferrocyanide electrodes [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2025, 41(9): 100097-. |
| [5] | Jun Huang, Pengfei Nie, Yongchao Lu, Jiayang Li, Yiwen Wang, Jianyun Liu. Efficient adsorption of hardness ions by a mordenite-loaded, nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanofiber cathode in capacitive deionization [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2025, 41(7): 100066-. |
| [6] | Lingbang Qiu, Jiangmin Jiang, Libo Wang, Lang Bai, Fei Zhou, Gaoyu Zhou, Quanchao Zhuang, Yanhua Cui. In Situ Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Monitoring of the High-Temperature Double-Discharge Mechanism of Nb12WO33 Cathode Material for Long-Life Thermal Batteries [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2025, 41(5): 100040-. |
| [7] | Yuyao Wang, Zhitao Cao, Zeyu Du, Xinxin Cao, Shuquan Liang. Research Progress of Iron-based Polyanionic Cathode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2025, 41(4): 100035-. |
| [8] | Guoze Yan, Bin Zuo, Shaoqing Liu, Tao Wang, Ruoyu Wang, Jinyang Bao, Zhongzhou Zhao, Feifei Chu, Zhengtong Li, Yamauchi Yusuke, Melhi Saad, Xingtao Xu. Opportunities and Challenges of Capacitive Deionization for Uranium Extraction from Seawater [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2025, 41(4): 100032-. |
| [9] | Zhuo Wang, Xue Bai, Kexin Zhang, Hongzhi Wang, Jiabao Dong, Yuan Gao, Bin Zhao. MOF-Templated Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon for Enhanced Electrochemical Sodium Ion Storage and Removal [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2025, 41(3): 100026-. |
| [10] | Ping Ye, Lingshuang Qin, Mengyao He, Fangfang Wu, Zengye Chen, Mingxing Liang, Libo Deng. Potential of Zero Charge-Mediated Electrochemical Capture of Cadmium Ions from Wastewater by Lotus Leaf-Derived Porous Carbons [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2025, 41(3): 100023-. |
| [11] | Yang Meiqing, Lu Wang, Haozi Lu, Yaocheng Yang, Song Liu. Recent Advances of Functional Nanomaterials for Screen-Printed Photoelectrochemical Biosensors [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2025, 41(2): 100018-. |
| [12] | Pengcheng Yan, Peng Wang, Jing Huang, Zhao Mo, Li Xu, Yun Chen, Yu Zhang, Zhichong Qi, Hui Xu, Henan Li. Engineering Multiple Optimization Strategy on Bismuth Oxyhalide Photoactive Materials for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Applications [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2025, 41(2): 100014-. |
| [13] | Kangjuan Cheng, Chunxiao Liu, Youpeng Wang, Qiu Jiang, Tingting Zheng, Xu Li, Chuan Xia. Design of noble metal catalysts and reactors for the electrosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2025, 41(10): 100112-. |
| [14] | Lubing Qin, Fang Sun, Meiyin Li, Hao Fan, Likai Wang, Qing Tang, Chundong Wang, Zhenghua Tang. Atomically Precise (AgPd)27 Nanoclusters for Nitrate Electroreduction to NH3: Modulating the Metal Core by a Ligand Induced Strategy [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2025, 41(1): 100008-. |
| [15] | Qianwen Han, Tenglong Zhu, Qiuqiu Lü, Mahong Yu, Qin Zhong. Performance and Electrochemical Asymmetry Optimization of Hydrogen Electrode Supported Reversible Solid Oxide Cell [J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin., 2025, 41(1): 100005-. |
|
||