Fig 1

The history of LIB-based battery electric vehicles and the corresponding charging capabilities. Adapted with permission from Ref. 3, Copyright 2020, Royal of Society of Chemistry."

Table 1

modification strategies and electrochemical properties of graphite in other reports."

Fig 2

(a) Structural diagram of MoOx-MoPx@graphite composite; (b) construction strategy of MoOx-MoPx composite coating; (c) discharge electrochemical behavior of MoOx-MoPx@graphite composites in three electrode full cell system. (d) and (e) the initial morphology of the uncoated graphite electrode; (f) and (g) the morphology of uncoated graphite electrode after cycle; (h) and (I) the morphology of MoOx-MoPx@graphite after cycle. Adapted with permission from Ref. 45, Copyright 2021, Nature publisher."

Fig 3

(a) HR-TEM result of original graphite; (b) HR-TEM result of turbine carbon@graphite composite; (c) schematic diagram of lithium ion migration in original graphite; (d) schematic diagram of lithium ion migration in turbine carbon@graphite composites. Adapted with permission from Ref. 16, Copyright 2020, Wiley."

Fig 4

(a) Synthetic strategy of amorphous silicon coated edge activated graphite; (b) the mechanism of improving the electrochemical properties of graphite by edge activation and amorphous silicon coating. (c) HR-TEM of composite material; (d) comparison of electrochemically active surface areas of the two materials. SEM image of (e) original graphite, (f) nickel adsorbed graphite, (g) amorphous silicon coated graphite. Adapted with permission from Ref. 21, Copyright 2017, Nature publisher."

Fig 5

(a) Structural diagram of TiO2?x@graphite, (b) HR-TEM result of TiO2?x@graphite 47; (c) structural diagram of amorphous Al2O3@graphite, (d) HR-TEM result of amorphous Al2O3@graphite 48; (e) synthesis strategy of PDA@graphite, (f) HR-TEM result of PDA@graphite 49. (a, b) Adapted with permission from Ref. 47, Copyright 2017, Elsevier. (c, d) Adapted with permission from Ref. 48, Copyright 2019, Elsevier. (e, f) Adapted with permission from Ref. 49, Copyright 2022, Wiley."

Fig 6

(a) Mechanism of KOH activated graphite 55; (b) mechanism of acid-base activated graphite 56; (c) SEM images of worm like expanded graphite prepared under different conditions 57. (a) Adapted with permission from Ref. 55, Copyright 2015, Elsevier. (b) Adapted with permission from Ref. 56, Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (c) Adapted with permission from Ref. 57, Copyright 2021, Elsevier."

Fig 7

(a) Schematic of the preparation of MEG and its mechanism in improving the capacity 61; (b) schematic illustration of Li+ insertion in CNT separated porous graphite nano sheets 62; (c) schematic showing magnetically aligned graphite particles to shorten the Li+ diffusion path 33. (a) Adapted with permission from Ref. 61, Copyright 2019, Elsevier. (b) Adapted with permission from Ref. 62, Copyright 2019, Elsevier. (c) Adapted with permission from Ref. 33, Copyright 2016, Nature publisher."

Fig 8

Regulating the Li+ solvation structure. (a) Desolvation energies of Li, Na, and Mg ions compared to those of K ions 75. (b) The dependence of desolvation energy between solvents and Li ion on solvent type 37. (a) Adapted with permission from Ref. 75, Copyright 2017, The Electrochemical Society. (b) Adapted with permission from Ref. 37, Copyright 2013, The Electrochemical Society."

Fig 9

(a) improvement mechanism of FEC additive on the performance of NCM/graphite full cell; (b) homo and LUMO orbitals of DMC, EC and FI molecules; (c) illustration of solution structure and Li+ embedding process in graphite layer a) LCE and b) in DME without/using BTFE 71; (d) schematic diagram of adding metal cation additives to adjust the solvation structure to inhibit the cointercalation of solvent molecules 85. (a) Adapted with permission from Ref. 81, Copyright 2018, Elsevier. (b) Adapted with permission from Ref. 82, Copyright 2019, Elsevier.) (c) Adapted with permission from Ref. 71, Copyright 2021, Wiley. (d) Adapted with permission from Ref. 85, Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society."

Fig 10

Optimization of fast-charging protocols. (a) Voltage and current profiles of CC-CV and pulse charging 93. (b) A LIB cell under an asymmetric temperature modulation method is rapidly pre-heated to and charged at 60 ℃ 94. (a) Adapted with permission from Ref. 93, Copyright 2001, Elsevier. (b) Adapted with permission from Ref. 94, Copyright 2019, Cell Press."