Fig 1

(a) Radar charts of five typical cathode (LiCoO2 (LCO), LiMn2O4 (LMO), LiFePO4 (LFPO), LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (LNMCO), Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 (LNMO)) capacities, cycling performance, cost, safety, and energy efficiency for LIBS; (b) actual capacity and average voltage."

Fig 2

(a) MO2 slabs and LiMO2 energy band structure; (b) Li1/3Mn2/3O2 slabs and Li2MnO3 energy band structure; (c) when the relationship between the charge interaction U in the d orbital and the charge transfer amplitude Δ is different, the energy band structure and changes in the redox reactions 54; (d) an atomic model of structural changes in materials during cycling 61."

Table 1

Typical examples of improving lithium-rich materials through the use of doping strategies."

Fig 3

(a) The schematic diagram of the structure evolution of Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2, (b) the computational model and results for Na+-doped Li-rich materials 71."

Fig 4

(a) Cross section of Li1.098Mn0.533Ni0.113Co0.138O2, (b) Li vacancies, (c) in-situ spinel Li4Mn5O12 coating, (d) in situ nickel ion doping 29; (e) Li-rich cathode material with sustained release during charging Schematic diagram of the oxygen process; (f) the proposed surface modification has high oxophilic elements to make the surface oxygen evolution reaction energetically unfavorable; (g) the proposed dielectric coating is used to suppress the outward migration of oxygen anions; (h) spinel coating Layer and layered Li-rich materials have nearly the same oxygen arrangement, ensuring structural compatibility 93."

Fig 5

(a) Schematic illustration of the relationship between defects, Li+ ion diffusion and oxygen redox activity/kinetics in the Li-rich oxide cathode 99; (b) schematic illustration of the material particle microstructure; (c) schematic of the gas-solid interface reaction between Li-rich layered oxides and carbon dioxide 100; (d) illustration of the structural components of the three-in-one surface treatment sample 102."

Fig 6

Schematic illustrations of the crystal structures of O3-type (a) and O2-type (b) lithium layered oxides, the figures below show the TM migration paths on a magnified scale, red and yellow arrows indicate the interlayer and the intra-layer TM migrations, respectively, black arrows represent the electrostatic repulsion in the TM layer; (c) relative site energies of intermediate and final sites calculated along the migration paths of TM ions 107; (d) crystal structure of Li4/7[□1/7Mn6/7]O2 at c-axis and ab-axis angles; (e) cycle performance of Li4/7[□1/7Mn6/7]O2 after 500 cycles at a current density of 300 mA∙g−1 between 2 and 4.8 V 108."

Table 2

Examples of ion-exchange modified Li-rich materials."

Fig 7

(a) Typical lithium-rich materials (T-LRM) and (b) high-entropy lithium-rich materials (E-LRM), the Mn—O bond length distribution in each MnO6 octahedron and the deviation of O–M–O (≈ 90°); (c) the energy barrier of manganese ion migration; (d) the distribution of O–O distances in octahedrons with complete lithium removal 126."

Fig 8

Modification Strategies of Li-rich Materials and Prospects for Their Future Development."