钙钛矿太阳能电池在反向偏压下的电学失效及稳定性研究进展

doi:10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100088

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

卤化物钙钛矿凭借其优异的光电特性和独特的缺陷容忍特性，在光伏领域展现出巨大的应用潜力，其单结太阳能电池的认证效率已突破26.95%。然而，钙钛矿材料中的离子键键能较弱，使其在电场作用下易发生离子迁移，导致器件在反向电偏压加载下呈现显著的电学不稳定性，严重阻碍了其商业化进程。特别是在大面积组件应用中，局部遮光效应会使被遮挡的子电池成为电阻，在相邻子电池驱动下被迫承受反向偏压，进而引发材料的结构降解和器件性能的急剧衰减。本文系统综述了钙钛矿太阳能电池在反向偏压下的失效机制，全面梳理了反向偏压稳定性的最新研究进展，重点剖析了反向击穿电压阈值与其电学演化规律，深入探讨了器件老化行为的诱因及稳定性提升策略，并评述了相关原位表征技术的应用进展。最后，本文进一步提出了通过机器学习辅助逆向设计材料体系、构建动态载流子输运模型等创新性解决方案，为攻克反向偏压稳定性这一关键科学难题提供了新的研究思路。

关键词: 卤素钙钛矿, 反向偏压, 阴影遮蔽, 热斑效应, 降解机制, 稳定性

Abstract:

Halide perovskites have attracted widespread attention in the photovoltaic field due to their exception optoelectronic properties and remarkable defect tolerance. The power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells has rapidly increased, reaching 26.95%. However, the weak ionic bonding in perovskite materials make them highly sensitive to electric fields, leading to instability under reverse bias, which poses a significant challenge to their commercialization. During operation, partial shading of modules can cause the shaded perovskite sub-cells to become resistive. Consequently, under the influence of other sub-cells, these shaded sub-cells experience reverse bias, resulting in a substantial decline in device performance. Currently, there is no characterization technique available to directly investigate the failure mechanisms of perovskite solar cells under reverse bias. Furthermore, there is no consensus in existing research on the types of ion migration occurring within devices during reverse bias ageing. Since the failure mechanisms of perovskite solar cells under reverse bias remain unclear, effective stability strategies targeting these mechanisms have not been proposed. As a result, reverse bias instability continues to hinder the long-term operational stability of perovskite solar cells. Given these challenges, a comprehensive review of the electrical failure and degradation mechanisms of perovskite solar cells under reverse bias is imperative. This review summarizes the latest research progress on the reverse bias stability of perovskite solar cells, covering key aspects such as the maximum breakdown voltage, electrical evolution, ageing behavior, degradation mechanisms, stability enhancement strategies, and characterization techniques used in stability studies. Finally, this review highlights future research directions for investigating the ageing mechanisms of perovskite solar cells under reverse bias and proposes potential approaches, such as machine learning, to address the reverse bias stability issues of high-efficiency perovskite solar cells, in the hope of paving the way for further improving their reverse bias stability.

Key words: Halide perovskite, Reverse bias, Shadowing, Hot spot effect, Degradation mechanism, Stability

戚洺瑄, 金斓煜, 姚宏鹤, 徐子鹏, 成腾, 陈棋, 朱城, 白阳. 钙钛矿太阳能电池在反向偏压下的电学失效及稳定性研究进展[J]. 物理化学学报, 2025, 41(8), 100088. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100088

Mingxuan Qi, Lanyu Jin, Honghe Yao, Zipeng Xu, Teng Cheng, Qi Chen, Cheng Zhu, Yang Bai. Recent progress on electrical failure and stability of perovskite solar cells under reverse bias[J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2025, 41(8), 100088. doi: 10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100088

链接本文: https://www.whxb.pku.edu.cn/CN/10.1016/j.actphy.2025.100088

https://www.whxb.pku.edu.cn/CN/Y2025/V41/I8/100088

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Perovskite solar cells	Year	PCE	Reverse breakdown voltage
① ITO/PTAA/Cs_0.22FA_0.78Pb(I_0.85Br_0.15)₃/C₆₀/BCP/Au	2024	15%	−15.36 V
② ITO/PTAA/FA_0.9Cs_0.1PbI₃/LiF/C₆₀/SnO₂/ITO/Cu	2024	23.8%	−20 V
③ ITO/NiO_x/PolyTPD/PFN/Cs_0.25FA_0.75Pb(Br_0.2I_0.8)₃/LiF/C₆₀/SnO₂/ITO	2021	15%	−5 V
④ ITO/NiO_x/(FAPbI₃)_0.83(CsPbBr₃)_0.17/LiF/C₆₀/SnO₂/ITO	2020	14%	−1.2 V
⑤ ITO/PTAA/MAPbI₃/PCBM/BCP/Ag	2021	17.67%	−3 V

Perovskite solar cells	Year	Reverse-bias voltage	Reverse-bias duration
⑥ ITO/PTAA/Cs_0.22FA_0.78Pb(I_0.85Br_0.15)₃/C₆₀/BCP/Au	2024	−10 V	600 s
⑦ ITO/PTAA/FA_0.9Cs_0.1PbI₃/LiF/C₆₀/SnO₂/ITO/Cu	2024	−1.6 V	1000 h
⑧ ITO/PTAA/MAPbI₃/MDMS/C₆₀/BCP/Cu	2021	−1 V	120 s
⑨ ITO/PTAA/FA_0.9Cs_0.1PbI_2.83Br_0.17/PFI/PCBM/C₆₀/BCP/Cu	2024	−4.5 V	5 h
⑩ ITO/SnO₂/PVSK/PEAI/spiro-OMeTAD/MoO_x/ITO/Cu	2023	−4 V	60 s

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