Table 1

The comparison between Na and Li elements."

Fig 1

Schematic diagram of mass percent of different chemical elements on the earth."

Fig 2

Phosphorus allotropes, their important compounds, and transformation reactions 46."

Fig 3

(a) TEM image and schematic of the prepared mechanism and sodium storage volume change and long-term cycling performance of HPN 80; (b) TEM image and schematic of the prepared mechanism of iodine-doped HNPRP and its sodium storage volume change and long-term cycling performance 81."

Fig 4

Schematic illustration of the preparation process for (a) RP @ CMK-3 78; (b) RP-N-MPC 94;(c) HPCNS/RP 91; (d) RP/CFs@rGO96."

Fig 5

(a) Proposed function of CNTs during the volume expansion of RP/CNTs and Charge-discharge curves 77; (b) Schematic illustration of the synthesis process for red RP/SWCNT composite 85 (c) Schematic illustration of the P-O-C and interaction between PCNT hybrid and c-NaCMCCA binder 83."

Fig 6

Schematic illustration for the preparation of (a) Phosphorus/Graphene Nanosheets (RP/G) 87; (b) RP-G and RP/Gcomposites 88; (c) RP@RGO 98; (e) C@RP/GA 89; (f) RP@AC@CNT 86; (d) Schematic illustration of the structural evolution of RP/GnPs-500 and RP/GnPs-300 90."

Fig 7

(a) Schematic illustration for the structural evolution of hierarchical RP/CNTs@rGO103; (b) Schematic illustration of the changes of RP@HPC during sodiation/desodiation 84."

Fig 8

(a) Schematic illustration of the preparation of the P-SPAN hybrid; (b) Cycling performance and Coulombic efficiency of the P-SPAN hybrid 107."

Fig 9

(a) Schematic illustration of preparing the Fe3O4/C/RP, the image of SEM and cycling performance of the Fe3O4/C/RP 110; (b) The schematic illustration of volume change and SEI film formation mechanism during the cycling process for RP-CNT hybrid and RP-CNT@PD composite 111."

Fig 10

(a) Scheme for the structures of BPC composite 116; (b) Schematic representation of the BP-CNT active material 117; (c) Proposed layered structure of the composite particle prepared by electroless deposition of 30% (w) Ni 119; (d) Schematic illustration of the formation process of the BPQD/TNS composite 121."

Fig 11

(a) Molecular model of 4-NBD modification and bonding with Rgo, reversible desodiation capacity and CE 123; (b) Schematic illustration of the process to assemble 2D-BP/G Heterostructures and cycling performance 124. (c) Schematic description of the BP/rGO synthesis and cycling performance 125."

Table 2

Phosphorus-based anode material for sodium-ion batteries."

Fig 12

(a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication and morphology of multi-shell Sn4P3 NS 130; (b) Schematic diagram of structure advantages and charge and discharge performance during charge and discharge of Sn4P3@C egg yolk-shell nanocube 134; (c) Schematic diagram of the synthesis process of Sn4P3/RGO hybrid 137; (d) Schematic illustration of the charge-discharge of Sn4P3-GA composites138."

Fig 13

(a) SEM of FeP NRs/Ti and long-cycle performance 67; (b) TEM of CNT@FeP-C and long-cycle performance of CNT@FeP-C electrode at current density of 3 A·g-1 151; (c) Schematic illustration and SEM of the fabrication of M-FeP@C composite nanofiber 152; (d) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of FeP/NPG 153."

Fig 14

(a) Schematic illustration of the CuP2@GNs composite synthesis 158; (b) Schematic illustration of electron diffusion during charge and discharge of CoP4/CF composite 68; (c) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of H-MoP @ rGO 172; (d) Schematic diagram of synthesis method and half-cell mechanism of Ti3C2/NiCoP composite 165."