Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (2): 100011.doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202308048
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Jiandong Liu1,2, Zhijia Zhang3, Kamenskii Mikhail4, Volkov Filipp4, Eliseeva Svetlana4, Jianmin Ma1,*
Received:2023-08-30
Revised:2023-10-06
Accepted:2023-10-30
Published:2023-12-20
Contact:
Email: nanoelechem@hnu.edu.cn (Jianmin Ma)
Supported by:Jiandong Liu, Zhijia Zhang, Kamenskii Mikhail, Volkov Filipp, Eliseeva Svetlana, Jianmin Ma. Research Progress on Cathode Electrolyte Interphase in High-Voltage Lithium Batteries[J]. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2025, 41(2), 100011. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202308048
Fig 2
(a) Surface layer observed on LiCoO2 surface by electron microscope 28; (b) infrared Spectrum of surface Layer Observed on LiCoO2 Surface 29; (c) energy schematic diagram of between electrode and electrolyte 30; (d) schematic diagram of the possible oxidation reaction pathways after the initial oxidation of species in common electrochemical systems 31."
Fig 3
(a) The chemical composition of the LiCoO2 interface layer is detected by XPS under different charging and discharging states of the cathode, the red curve basically indicates the evolution of CEI species in the battery cycle; (b) the main components of CEI obtained through quantitative XPS analysis; (c) the chemical composition of lithium anode SEI layer; (d) study the schematic diagram of the interaction between cathode and anode and the corresponding XPS diagram of LiCoO2 surface CEI 33."
Fig 4
(a, b) SEM and TEM images of LiCoO2 cathode after 100 cycles at 3–4.5 V, as well as XPS spectra of CEI 34; (c) the uniform CEI layer on the surface of NMC observed by Cryo-EM 25; (d) evolution diagram of diffraction peaks of Li2−xMoO3 during lithium removal at 4.8 V voltage 35; (e) in situ AFM images of cathodes in carbonate electrolytes and F-generation carbonate electrolytes 36."
Table 1
A summary table of the advantages and disadvantages of the above methods."
| Methods | Advantage | Disadvantage |
| XPS | Provides the content of elements on the surface/ analyze the valence states of elements/ better quantitative ability | Not easy to focus/ the large irradiation area/ the detection limit |
| SEM | Simple to prepare samples/ dynamically observed/ high resolution | The lower resolution/ vacuum environment limits the type of sample/ only the surface morphology observed/ no height direction information/ not liquid samples |
| TEM | High resolution/ observing the crystal lattice on the crystal surface | Certain destructive effects on the sample/ high material requirements/ small observation range |
| Cryo-EM | Close to the living state/ observing microstructure of different split surfaces/ withstanding electron beam bombardment and long-term preservation | Artificial damage to samples/ Limitations of observation area selection |
| XRD | High analysis speed/ no extra changes in the chemical state/ measured repeatedly with good reproducibility/ simple sample preparation | Poor absolute analysis/ quantitative analysis needs standard samples/ less sensitive to light elements/ easily affected by mutual element interference and superposition peaks |
| AFM | True three-dimensional surface map/ not require any special treatment of the sample/ work well at atmospheric pressure | Small imaging range/ slow speed/ great influence of the probe |
| XAS | More accurate atomic structure identification/ the coordination environment and the chemical state/ low sample requirements/ nondestructive | Only the planar average structure and no three-dimensional information |
| ToF-SIMS | High resolution/ high sensitivity/ accurate mass measurement/ three-dimensional manner | Little damage to the sample/ mainly solid at present |
Fig 10
(a) The mechanism diagram of the action of potassium selenocyanate as an additive 75; (b) the structural evolution of LNMO with or without electrolyte additives 77; (c) development route of new boron containing electrolyte additives 77; (d) the formation mechanism of CEI membrane in electrolytes containing synergistic additives (benzonitrile or 1, 3, 6-hexatrienitrile with FEC) 78."
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