Fig 1

Comparison of different Li+ storage mechanisms of metal oxide anodes for lithium-ion batteries 7. Adapted with permission from Ref. 7, Copyright 2015, Wiley."

Table 1

Comparison of metal oxide anodes with different lithium-storage mechanisms 5, 7–32."

Fig 2

(a) Relationship between the EMF for conversion reaction of binary metal oxides and the corresponding M― O bond energy 39, 40; (b) relationship between the EMF for conversion reaction of binary metal oxides and the difference in electronegativity (∆χP) between the central metal M and O."

"

Fig 4

Band structure changes of conversion-alloying-type SnO2 during lithium insertion. The dash lines indicate the Fermi-level."

Fig 5

Schematic of lithium-storage mechanism for intercalation/alloying-type (Sn, Ti)O2 bimetallic oxide. Dash lines reveal the Fermi level."

Fig 6

(a) Schematic of dispersing alloying-type Sn atoms in an intercalation-type framework, (b) SEM image of pyrochlore-type Ce2Sn2O7 49; (c) rate capability of SbVO4/rGO, (d) Ex situ TEM of bimetallic oxide SbVO4/rGO after discharging to 0.01 V and charging to 2.5 V, respectively 53; (e) long-term cycling performance of (Sn, Ti)O2 solid solution at high current density 48; (f) cycling performance of (In, V)2O3 solid solution at 10 A∙g−1, (g) capacity contributions from diffusion-controlled and capacitance behavior of (In, V)2O3 at different scan rates, (h) charge capacity contribution provided by capacitance behavior at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1 54. (a, b) Adapted with permission from Ref. 49, Copyright 2019, Royal of Society of Chemistry. (c, d) Adapted with permission from Ref. 53, Copyright 2019, Wiley. (e) Adapted with permission from Ref. 48, Copyright 2016, Royal of Society of Chemistry."

Fig 7

Schematic of lithium-storage mechanism for conversion/alloying-type MnSnO3. The dash lines indicate the Fermi level."

"

Fig 9

Lithium-storage mechanism for alloying-type bimetallic oxides: (a) crystal structure of Bi2Sn2O7, (b) comparison of activation energy for single-atom diffusion and heteroatom diffusion, (c) band structure changes of Bi2Sn2O7 during lithiation, (d) cycling performance of Bi2Sn2O7 at 2 A g−1, (e) comparison of lithium-storage performance among Bi2Sn2O7 and other conversion-alloying-type anodes at different current densities 68; (f) SEM image of hollow ZnSnO3 cube, (g) SEM image of hollow ZnSnO3@C cube, (h) TEM image of hollow ZnSnO3 cube, (i) TEM image of hollow ZnSnO3@C cube 70; (j) Ex situ XRD patterns of Zn2SnO4 at different potentials 69. (a–e) Adapted with permission from Ref. 68, Copyright 2022, Cell Press. (f–i) Adapted with permission from Ref. 70, Copyright 2019, Elsevier. (j) Adapted with permission from Ref. 69, Copyright 2011, Royal of Society of Chemistry."

Fig 10

DOS changes of SnO2−xSx anode during lithiation. The dash lines indicate the Fermi level."

Fig 11

(a) Schematic of laser thermal decomposition synthesis of N-doped SnO2, (b) HRTEM image of SnO2 nanoparticles, (c) HRTEM image of SnO2-N3% nanoparticles, (d) cycling performance of N-doped SnO2 at 1.4 A g−1, (e) rate capability of N-doped SnO2, (f) changes in Sn K-edge X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) and X-ray absorption fine structure spectra (XAFS) of N-doped SnO2 during electrochemical reaction, (g) in situ HRTEM image of SnO2-N3% nanoparticles charged to 3.0 V after 100 cycles 77; (h) optical photograph of SnO2 and SnO2-S encapsulated in S, (i) rate capability of SnO2-S-rGO composite, (j) cycling performance of SnO2-S-rGO composite at 0.1 A g−1 79. (a–g) Adapted with permission from Ref. 77, Copyright 2016, Wiley. (h–j) Adapted with permission from Ref. 79, Copyright 2019, Royal of Society of Chemistry."