Fig 1

Schematic illustration of a Li-O2 battery 5. Adapted from Ref. 5. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society."

Fig 2

(a) Schematic illustration of the compatibility of CO2-captured O2− with ethylene carbonate 31; (b) discharge/charge curves and (c) cycling profile of Li-O2 batteries with 0.1 mol·L−1 LiClO4-DMSO as the electrolyte and porous gold as the cathode at a current density of 500 mA·g−1 32; (d) the 1H-NMR spectra of side-products deposited on cathodes after 1st discharge in [(DME)2Li]TFSI and [(DMDMB)2Li]TFSI 45; (e) gas profiles of cycle 80 of a Li/1 mol·L−1 LiNO3-DMA/Csp cell, room temperature, cycled at 0.1 mA·cm−2 49; (f) schematic illustrations of the lithium deposition behavior in different kinds of electrolytes 50; (g) voltage profiles at 100 mA·g−1 with a cutoff capacity of 1000 mAh·g−1 and (h) cycling stability and the corresponding discharge terminal voltage at 500 mA·g−1 with a cutoff capacity of 500 mAh·g−1 of the TEGDME and TMU (1,1,3,3-tetramethylurea)-based LOBs 19. (a) Adapted with permission from Ref. 31. Copyright 2015, SIOC, CAS, Shanghai, & WILEY-VCH GmbH; (b, c) Adapted from Ref. 32. Copyright 2012, The American Association for the Advancement of Science; (d) Adapted with permission from Ref. 45. Copyright 2014, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim; (e) Adapted with permission from Ref. 49. Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society; (f) Adapted with permission from Ref. 50. Copyright 2020, The Royal Society of Chemistry; (g, h) Adapted from Ref. 19. Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH GmbH."

Fig 3

Schematic illustration of the (a) relationship between the size of discharge product and the ionic association strength 61 and (b) mechanism that NO3− promotes both ORR and OER processes 64; (c) cyclic voltammetry (scan rate of 5 mV∙s−1) and EQCM (electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance) response of platinum disks deposited on thin quartz crystals in diglyme 1 mol·L−1 LiNO3 (black) and 1 mol·L−1 LiTFSI (red) solutions 64; (d) photographs of the electric fan powered by pouch-type Li-air cell with LN before puncture (left), after puncture (middle), and after corner cutting (right) 67. (a) Adapted with permission from Ref. 61. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society; (b, c) Adapted from Ref. 64. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society; (d) Adapted with permission from Ref. 67. Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH GmbH."

Fig 4

(a) Proposed catalytic mechanism for electrochemical charging of Li-O2 cells with TEMPO 69; (b) first cycle with and without 10 mmol·L−1 TEMPO using a Ketjenblack cathode and a constant current density of 0.1 mA·cm−2; (c) differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) analysis of the evolved gases during the charge of a Li-O2 cell with 10 mmol·L−1 TEMPO (j = 0.1 mA·cm−2); (d) electrochemical profiles of Li-O2 cell with CNT (carbon nanotube) fibril electrode and LiI catalyst 72. (a, b, c) Adapted from Ref. 69. Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society; (d) Adapted with permission from Ref. 72. Copyright 2014, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim."

Fig 5

(a) The reaction of 4-Oxo-TEMP with singlet oxygen forms stable 4-OxoTEMPO radical 22; (b) linear sweep voltammetry of DABCO and PeDTFSI at glassy carbon disc electrodes in 0.1 mol·L−1 LiTFSI-TEGDME containing 2 mmol·L−1 of the quencher. The scan rate was 50 mV·s−1 88; (c) illustration of the mutual conservation of RM and singlet oxygen quencher in a Li-O2 battery system 79; (d) DMA concentration profiles in charging with SP or RuO2 cathode and TPA 90. (a) Adapted with permission from Ref. 22. Copyright 2016, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim; (b) Adapted from Ref. 88. Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim; (c) Adapted with permission from Ref. 79. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society; (d) Adapted with permission from Ref. 90. Copyright 2022, PNAS."