Fig 1

Synthesis of sulfide solid-state electrolytes and important synthetic parameters 18. Adapted with permission from Ref. 18, Copyright 2018, Elsevier Inc."

Fig 2

(a) Anionic groups and (b) crystal structures of Li2S-P2S5 binary system 18. (a, b) Adapted with permission from Ref. 18, Copyright 2018, Elsevier Inc."

Fig 3

Crystal structures of Li10GeP2S12 36. (a) Framework structure and Li-ions involved in ionic conduction of Li10GeP2S12; (b) crystal framework structure of Li10GeP2S12; (c) conduction pathway of Li-ions. (a, b, c) Adapted with permission from Ref. 36, Copyright 2011, Springer Nature."

Fig 4

(a) Crystal structures and (b) three different jump processes of Li-ions of argyrodite-type electrolytes 39. (a, b) Adapted with permission from Ref. 39, Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry."

Fig 5

Schematic of synthesis of sulfide solid electrolytes by different types of liquid phase method (a. suspension type, b. solution type, c. mixed type)."

Table 1

Classification of electrolytes synthesized by liquid-phase method."

Fig 6

Reaction mechanism in the synthesis of Li7P3S11 electrolyte in ACN 71–73. (a) A core-shell structure of Li3PS4 with Li2S∙P2S5 formed by Li2S-P2S5 binary system in ACN 71; (b) transformation mechanism of Li2S-P2S5 binary system in ACN 73; (c) the precipitate phase Li3PS4∙ACN and the soluble phase Li4P2S7∙ACN are formed by Li2S-P2S5 binary system in ACN, and they transform into Li7P3S11 after subsequent heat treatment 72. (a) Adapted with permission from Ref. 71, Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society; (b) Adapted with permission from Ref. 73, Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society; (c) Adapted with permission from Ref. 72, Copyright 2023, Elsevier Inc."

Fig 7

Dissolution results of sulfide solide-state electrolyte precursors in EDA-EDT cosolvents 62. (a) Raman spectra of EDA-EDT cosolvents with varying volume ratio; (b) photograph of sulfide solide-state electrolyte precursors, Li2S, P2S5, Na2S, LiCl, in EDA-EDT; (c) photograph of GeS2 in EDA and EDA-EDT; (d) photograph of SnS2 in EDA-EDT; (e) Raman spectra for the solution of GeS2 dissolved in EDA-EDT. (a, b, c, d, e) Adapted with permission from Ref. 62, Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH."

Fig 8

Interaction between solvents and electrolytes. (a) Schematic illustration of Li6PS5Cl synthesized in THF/THF-EtOH 77, (b) the generation mechanism of Li3PO4 during the synthesis of Li6PS5Cl by liquid-phase method 92. (a) Adapted with permission from Ref. 77, Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH; (b) Adapted with permission from Ref. 92, Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society."

Fig 9

Morphology of sulfide electrolytes prepared in different solvents. (a) Li3PS4 with nanoporous structure prepared in THF 42; (b) rod-like Li6PS5Cl synthesized in EA solvent 65; (c) SEM and HR-TEM images of plate-like Li3PS4 solid electrolyte prepared in EP via liquid-phase shaking. 46; (d) small-particle Li6PS5Cl electrolytes prepared in EtOH/ACN using Triton X-100 as dispersant agent 94. (a) Adapted with permission from Ref. 42, Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society; (b) Adapted with permission from Ref. 65, Copyright 2019, IOP Science; (c) Adapted with permission from Ref. 46, Copyright 2023, Springer Nature; (d) Adapted with permission from Ref. 94, Copyright 2023, Elsevier Inc."

Fig 10

Effect of solvents on the ionic conductivities of sulfide electrolytes prepared by the liquid-phase method 31, 40, 44–46, 53–58, 61–63, 65–67, 69, 74, 80, 87, 89, 92, 95, 97, 99–106."

Fig 11

The composite of electrode material and electrolyte synthesized by liquid-phase method. (a) Structural schematic and cycling performance of Co9S8-Li7P3S11 99; (b) schematic of 10% rGO-VS4@Li7P3S11 composite cathode and (c) cycling performance 113. (a) Adapted with permission from Ref. 99, Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society; (b) Adapted with permission from Ref. 113, Copyright 2013, Elsevier Inc."

Fig 12

Preparation of composites by injecting the electrolyte into the porous electrode by liquid-phase method. (a) Schematic of composite electrode preparation using Li6PS5Cls solution dissolved in ethanol and (b) SEM and EDS images corresponding to the composite electrodes 114; (c) schematic and cycling performance of sulfur-carbon replica-Li10.05Ge1.05P1.95S12 composite cathode 116. (a, b) Adapted with permission from Ref. 114, Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society; (c) Adapted with permission from Ref. 116, Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society."

Fig 13

Interfacial modification of electrolytes and electrodes by liquid phase method. (a) Flowchart of the preparation of Li2S-Li6PS5Cl-Carbon composite cathode and (b) HR-TEM image 117; (c) schematic of Li2S/OMC/Li6PS5Cl composites prepared by liquid-phase method; cycling performance of all-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries using Li2S/OMC/Li6PS5Cl as cathode material at (d) 0.2C and (e) 2.0C 118. (a, b) Adapted with permission from Ref. 117, Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society; (c, d, e) Adapted with permission from Ref. 118, Copyright 2023, Elsevier Inc."